移动互联网环境下农机企业危机沟通的思考*

从危机沟通的渠道、危机沟通的具体策略、危机沟通的后续行动三个方面,为中国农机企业的危机沟通提供可行建议。以形象修护理论为基础,结合移动互联网环境传播特点以及中国农业机械化发展的实际情况,分析新浪新闻手机客户端、今日头条手机客户端上的两条农机质量纠纷视频。推荐农机企业使用的8条具体策略包括:否认事件不实部分;表明事件的意外属性;阐明自身出发点;阐明自己的贡献及所做出的努力;提出物质补偿;提出改进措施;承担有错部分;主动向用户征询意见。提出危机沟通应在线上、线下两种渠道进行,危机沟通应与具体行动相结合。     

Responding to Economic Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Farmer-Developed Pest Management Strategies in Cocoa-Based Plantations in Southern Cameroon

Cocoa is a key or source of income and poverty reduction in the humid forest of Southern Cameroon. Cameroon like other African countries went through a major economic crisis in the early 1980s with a decline in international commodity prices and significant changes in macroeconomic policies. Structural adjustment reforms following the economic crisis led to removal of fertilizers and pesticides subsidies, cocoa price liberalization and the overall withdraw of Government interventions from the cocoa sub-sector. Cocoa input price increases have been compounded by the devaluation of the CFA Franc, which doubled the prices of the imported pesticides which were considered key to the control of cocoa pests. This overall economic shock led to changes in cocoa producer's production decisions as a response to minimize cost. Among the changes the use of alternatives to imported chemicals for cocoa pest control. Farmers responded to the high prices of pesticides by developing, from local botanical knowledge and pest management strategies, which include plant extracts and plant extracts mixed with pesticides at different proportions. This is a major decision given the importance of imported chemical in the cost of production of cocoa. Valuable indigenous knowledge from farmers could be used also as an effective support system for communicating and diffusing modern knowledge and technologies to farmers. The paper describes the farmer knowledge-based alternatives to chemical pesticides for pest control in cocoa fields as a response to high pest control costs. Pest management specialists are urged to take advantage of this shift in practice and assess their effectiveness for further use. Two sets of questions are posed: (1) were the conventional insecticides, with all their problems, really necessary? and (2) are the materials derived from locally grown plants effective pest management agents or are they, in some way, placebos?     

高校图书馆人才危机及其对策

随着信息技术的发展和人们信息需求水平的提高,高校图书馆的人才危机也发生了变化,主要体现为高校图书馆馆员有限的能力与读者日益提高的信息需求水平的矛盾。这是由于高校图书馆馆员偏低的学历层次、不合理的学科结构以及较低的工作积极性所造成的。对此,提出了诸如建立有效的交流机制、激励机制、人员流动机制以及提升馆员学历层次等办法及建议,来缓和这一矛盾。     

Aggregate-related changes in network patterns of nematodes and ammonia oxidizers in an acidic soil

Nitrification plays a central role in global nitrogen cycle, which is affected by biological interaction between soil microfauna and microorganisms. However, the complexity of soil biotic communities made it difficult to reveal organizational principles of the community and the interactions among species. Here, we used the network analysis to decipher the interactions between nematodes and ammonia oxidizers within aggregate fractions under 10-year manure application, and examine their associations with soil variables and potential nitrification activity (PNA). Three aggregate fractions included large macroaggregates (>2000 μm, LA), small macroaggregates (250–2000 μm, SA), and inter-aggregate soil and space (<250 μm, IA). Aggregate factions showed a remarkable effect on association networks of nematodes and ammonia oxidizers. The average connectivity (avgK) and the number of edges in overall networks increased with increasing aggregate sizes, while the average geodesic distance (GD) followed the opposite trend. The LA network could be viewed as a better organized or a better operational soil food web with more functional interrelated members than the SA and IA networks. The modules related to PNA were significantly correlated and clustered together as meta-modules in networks of aggregate fractions. The role-shifts prevailed among the network members such as significant module memberships (MMs) and generalist/specialist operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A half of shared nodes were further identified as shared MMs, dominated by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) especially for Nitrosospira cluster 3a and 10. Soil pH could explain partly the shift of module hubs in different networks, while grazing by bacterivores might account for three exclusively connecters related to Nitrososphaera clusters 1.1. The strongly coupled modules correlated positively to pH and total carbon (TC), regardless of aggregate fractions. The network analysis approach provided new insights into potential importance of network interactions between nematodes and ammonia oxidizers in soil nitrogen cycling.     

农村基层信访工作在社会危机管理中的效用研究

信访工作是党和政府联系群众的桥梁与纽带,是维护和实现群众民主权利的重要手段。随着农村经济的迅猛发展和农村改革的不断深化,给农村社会经济生活和人们的利益关系带来极大的变动,所引发的群众来信来访事件有所上升,有些过激行为和群体性事件对社会发展造成极其恶劣的影响。做好农村基层的信访工作,在社会危机管理中将发挥重大效用。     

基于MaxEnt模型的可可潜在适宜分布研究

根据野外采样和文献查阅,系统整理了可可的地理分布记录,并利用MaxEnt生态位模型和ArcGIS软件对可可的潜在适宜分布范围进行预测。结果表明:北美洲南部、中南美洲北部、非洲西部、亚洲东南部以及太平洋美拉尼西亚群岛地区均是可可的潜在适宜分布区域。其中,中国海南、台湾南部、云南西双版纳、广东雷州半岛也属于可可的适生范围。经ROC(Receiver operating characteristic)曲线分析法验证,MaxEnt模型的AUC(Area under curve)值为0.977,表明预测结果具有较高的可信度。各环境变量重要性的Jacknife检验表明,极端最低温度、年降雨量、年温度变化范围、最暖季降雨量对可可的潜在分布影响最大。     

长期施氮肥对黄棕壤微生物生物性状的影响及其调控因素

基于黄棕壤小麦-甘薯轮作的长期定位试验,探究不同施氮处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量和酶活性的变化及其潜在调控因子,为科学施氮提高土壤质量和改善土壤生态功能提供依据。试验选取始于2011年4个施氮处理:不施肥(CK)、不施氮肥(PK)、施化学氮肥(NPK)和化学氮肥配施有机肥(NPKM),调查两季作物收获后土壤MBC和MBN含量、酶活性及微生物碳氮利用效率的变化,并通过冗余分析(RDA)和结构方程模型(SEM)明确调控弱酸性黄棕壤中MBC和MBN变化的潜在因素。小麦和甘薯两季的结果表明:施氮肥降低了土壤MBC、MBN含量和蔗糖酶(SSC)、脲酶(SUE)活性,与NPK处理相比, NPKM处理增加了MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性。长期施用氮肥提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤养分[全氮(TN)和矿质态氮(MN)]含量,但施氮肥显著降低土壤p H以及微生物的碳氮利用效率。与小麦季相比,甘薯季土壤SOC和MN含量有所下降,而MBN含量和SSC活性有所升高。RDA和SEM结果表明,氮肥的施用强化了MBC与MBN、SSC与MBC以及SUE与MBC之间的关联性;不同施氮处理下土壤p H、有机碳、氮含量以及微生物的碳氮利用效率的变化直接或间接地影响土壤MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性,其中p H是调控土壤MBC变化的直接因素,而土壤SSC和SUE活性与MBC、MBN含量相互影响。长期施用氮肥降低了黄棕壤MBC、MBN含量和酶活性,化学氮肥配施有机肥有利于缓解生物性状的下降,土壤p H是影响MBC变化的主要因素,小麦-甘薯轮作中土壤微生物强烈的碳代谢过程利于增加MBN。     

四川省潜在蒸散量变化及其气候影响因素分析

潜在蒸散(ET_0)是评价某一地区干旱程度的重要指标,在全球气候变暖趋势下,估计ET_0的变化对科学估算作物需水量,提高水分利用率具有重大意义。本文利用四川省1961-2014年151个气象站的气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式分3个区域(四川盆地、攀西地区和川西高原)计算ET_0,并对主要气象因子平均气温、相对湿度、日照时数、平均风速的相对变化率、敏感系数及其对ET_0贡献率的时空变化进行分析。结果表明:四川盆地和川西高原ET_0呈现微弱减少,而攀西地区则呈现一定的增加,其空间分布表现为:攀西地区和川西高原南部年ET_0为高值区,多在1000~1350mm,四川盆地的西南部年ET_0为低值区,多在651~900mm,从西南向东北呈现"高-低-高"趋势。各气象因子对ET_0的影响(对ET_0变化的贡献率)主要取决于敏感性和相对变化率两方面。3个区域ET_0对相对湿度的变化均表现最敏感,其敏感系数分别为-1.13、-1.40、-1.53。在主要气象因子中,在四川盆地和攀西地区,平均风速的多年相对变化率最大(-29.7%、-16.3%),川西高原则为平均温度(40.4%)。进一步分析得出,平均风速在四川盆地和川西高原对ET_0变化的贡献率最大,是主导影响因素,而在攀西地区则为相对湿度。     

海南岛油脂植物种质资源

能源危机成为当今世界重大的热点问题,能源植物是缓解能源危机的重要突破口。通过查阅相关文献,概述了海南岛主要含油部位含油量≥30％的油脂植物50科116属163种,引种栽培74种,野生资源89种,油脂植物种质资源丰富,分布集中,热带特征明显,且多为木本。全国有53种木本油料的种子油可作为发展生物柴油最适合原料,其中31种海南有分布。列举了含油量高、适合在海南气候条件下生长、具有开发潜力的油脂植物18种并对海南岛油脂植物资源的开发利用提出建议。     

喷灌水量分布动态模拟与均匀性研究

为研究压力、喷头组合方式和插值方法对喷灌均匀系数CU和分布均匀系数DU这两个评价指标计算结果的影响规律,利用雨量筒径向间隔为1 m的FY RB-471型喷头无风喷洒试验数据,模拟出了喷头在不同压力下的水量分布情况。在喷头矩形组合方式和正三角形组合方式下,采用线性插值、立方插值、三次样条插值、距离插值和平面插值法计算了不同压力下的喷灌均匀系数和分布均匀系数。结果表明,采用三角形组合方式比矩形组合方式计算的喷灌均匀系数CU高1.56~4.77个百分点,同样,三角形组合方式比矩形组合方式计算的分布均匀系数DU高4.26~9.19个百分点;不同的插值方法对喷灌均匀系数与分布均匀系数的计算结果影响不明显,而压力是影响喷灌均匀系数的一个重要因素。