多氯联苯对鱼肝功能的影响、机制及防治

多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)是水体环境中广泛分布的典型持久性有机污染物,可通过食物链富集进入鱼、人及其他动物体内,并在脂肪中积蓄,严重危害机体健康,能引起生物体突变、畸变甚至癌变,引起了极大的关注。文章主要综述了PCBs对鱼类肝功能的影响、作用机理及预防PCBs对鱼类生长发育的毒害,旨在为搞好水体环境,保护和发展可持续的渔业提供参考依据。     

吕四渔场近岸海域水质和沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)的分布特征

采用气相色谱测定了吕四渔场水质和沉积物样品中的多氯联苯(PCBs),并分析了其分布特征。结果显示,吕四渔场水质和沉积物中的PCBs平面分布特征为南部近岸高,而北部近岸较外海低,调查海域PCBs含量有逐年升高的趋势。水质中以低氯代PCBs同族体为主,沉积物中以高氯代PCBs同族体为主,含6个氯原子的PCBs在水中和沉积物中含量都比较高。为了削减PCBs对环境和人类的危害,我们要加强控制、管理、研究和合作。     

Plant secondary metabolites, biphenyl, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin effects on aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl removal and microbial community structure in soils

Biphenyl and several plant secondary metabolites (PSM) (carvone, isoprene, limonene, naringin, and coumarin) and surfactant (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, (HP-β-CD)) have been shown to improve aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) removal by several bacterial species. The objective of this study was to determine whether these treatments also affect PCB removal and microbial community structure in a high organic matter soil (Pahokee soil series with 67% organic matter) and low organic matter soil (Woolper soil series with 6% organic matter), as determined by monitoring changes in PCB levels and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profiles in laboratory microcosms amended with these compounds. Biphenyl enhanced di-chlorinated and tri-chlorinated biphenyl removal in both soils, but PSM did not improve removal of these congeners. On the contrary, HP-β-CD decreased PCB removal when used in combination with biphenyl. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that HP-β-CD significantly increased tetra- and penta-chlorinated biphenyl removal from the high organic matter soil, but not from the low organic matter soil. Principal components analysis of PLFA data indicated that HP-β-CD increased proportions of 18:1ω7c associated with Gram-negative bacteria, but decreased 10me16 and 10me17 lipid associated with Gram-positive bacteria, while biphenyl and PSMs had no detectable effects on soil microbial communities. PCB removal was not correlated to any PLFA. In conclusion, PSM previously shown to enhance PCB removal in soil-free systems were not effective in two divergent soils evaluated in this study, and HP-β-CB had increase, decrease, or no effect on PCB removal depending on types of PCB congeners, soils, and co-amendments.     

翡翠贻贝肾CYP4基因表达受多氯联苯影响的研究

[目的]了解多氯联苯(PCB)对翡翠贻贝肾中细胞色素P450第4亚族(CYP4)基因表达的影响。[方法]从野生翡翠贻贝cDNA中扩增得到了翡翠贻贝CYP4基因和β-actin基因的部分cDNA序列,并根据所得序列设计定量PCR引物,以β-actin为内参基因,以SYBRGreenI为荧光染料,利用荧光定量PCR对经PCB暴露处理后的翡翠贻贝肾中CYP4基因表达水平进行定量测定。[结果]PCB暴露处理对翡翠贻贝肾中CYP4基因的表达有明显的诱导作用,并且这种诱导作用对CYP4表达水平的影响与PCB暴露处理的时间以及浓度有相关性。[结论]该研究为CYP4基因作为生物大分子标记物在环境监测领域的应用提供了分子生物学水平的支持,同时为海水双壳类动物体内CYP4基因功能的研究提供了有益线索。     

土壤的老化对PCB138的可提取性和生物可利用性的影响

为探讨老化行为对多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)在土壤中的可提取性和生物可利用性的影响,选取2,2′,3,4,4′,5-六氯联苯(PCB138)作为目标污染物,进行90 d的老化试验,比较了超纯水提取、正丁醇溶液提取、超声提取(正己烷/丙酮)和索氏抽提(正己烷/二氯甲烷)等4种方法对土壤中不同老化时间PCB138的提取率;以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为土壤模式参照生物,在不同的老化时间里测定蚯蚓体内PCB138的含量与脂肪含量。结果表明,4种方法提取PCB138的能力依次为索氏抽提(正己烷/二氯甲烷)≈超声提取(正己烷/丙酮)正丁醇提取超纯水溶液提取;索氏抽提、超声提取和正丁醇溶液提取的提取率从最初的87%~93%、85%~90%、50%~60%分别下降到70%~76%、65%~73%、25%~45%,在30~45 d时总提取量保持稳定,而超纯水提取PCB138的量有限,显示出最低的提取能力且为非重复性结果。PCB138在蚯蚓体内富集量随接触时间增加而增加,在老化30 d左右其体内PCB138富集量最大;在老化30~60 d时,蚯蚓体内的PCB138的含量逐渐下降,健康状况良好的蚯蚓脂肪含量有所下降但不明显。正丁醇溶液提取、超声提取和索氏抽提对PCB138的提取率,以及老化土壤中蚯蚓对PCB138的富集量,均说明PCB138在土壤中的生物有效性随着老化时间的延长而降低。     

广东沿海养殖牡蛎中多氯联苯残留水平及人体饮食暴露风险评估

文章利用气相色谱质谱法测定了广东沿海主要养殖区(汕头、汕尾、深圳、珠海、江门、阳江、湛江)养殖牡蛎体内30种多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenys,PCBs)的含量,评价了其污染水平和致癌风险.结果表明,广东养殖牡蛎中普遍检出PCBs,检出率为97.6％,其质量分数为nd～8.62 ng·g-1(湿...     

浙东固废拆解区污水灌溉对土壤多氯联苯含量的影响研究

在对浙东沿海某典型固废拆解区的水-土壤-农作物系统进行系统调查和分析的基础上,重点探讨了污水灌溉对土壤多氯联苯（PCBs）含量的影响程度,并通过建立数学模型,对污灌区土壤PCBs含量进行了预测。结果表明,研究区土壤、水体、底泥乃至农作物均检测出相当水平的PCBs,对当地的生态安全影响较大;经因子分析和对比分析发现,约有67.3%的土壤PCBs污染是由污水灌溉引起,污水灌溉对土壤污染的影响显著;在现有农田灌溉模式不变的情况下,污灌区的土壤PCBs含量将呈上升趋势,50a后含量将增加1倍。     

不同洗脱剂对污染场地土中多氯联苯洗脱效果的研究

[目的]为运用表面活性剂快速、有效地洗脱修复多氯联苯污染场地土壤提供理论依据。[方法]以宁波市某变压器垃圾填埋场的PCBs污染场地土壤为研究对象,选用3种非离子表面活性剂（Brij58、Brij30和Tween-80）以及2-羟丙基-β-环糊精作为洗脱剂,进行实验室批量洗脱试验,研究洗脱剂类型、洗脱剂浓度、温度、pH和洗脱次数对PCBs洗脱效率的影响。[结果J在4种洗脱剂中,B州58的洗脱效果最好。在温度为25℃、pH为4．5的条件下,10g/L Brij58对污染土壤中多氯联苯的洗脱效率最高,洗脱1次后的2-Cl、3-Cl、4-Cl和5-Cl取代的PCBs洗脱率分别为53％、52％、55％和83％。[结论]非离子表面活性剂B川58能够高效洗脱污染场地土壤中的PCBs。     

Interference elimination of PCB and its ramification in determining trace PBBs/PBDEs by GC/MS

The normal method to determine the trace brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) contained in the electronic and electrical products is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). However, the method is based on the determinations of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalene (PCNs) etc. The interferences of those compounds are inevitable. Therefore, in order to overcome this problem, two methods e.g. 1) The combination use of gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS) and gas chromatography-electron impact-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) is employed, 2) a matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) method with YMC ODS-C18 as carrier is developed. The result show that, by the former method, the brominated isomers or ramifications are distinguished remarkably from other halogen compounds because that anion fragment retention peaks of ［Br］-, ［HBr2］- and molecule chain fragment retention peaks of ［M+2］+,［M+4］+,［M+6］+,［M+8］+ are observed simultaneously, and thus the selectivity to determine bromine-containing retardant flames is greatly improved. Using the latter method, the gas chromatographic peaks of multiple polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers can be efficiently separated. Thus provides a project to solve interferences of POPs in brominated flame retardants’ determinations. The standard addition experimental results of 10 kinds of BDEs/PCBs belonging to 8 sorts of electronic and electrical equipment show this method has a high precision and reliability due to 60%～98% recovery and <9.5% relative error, which meet the needs regulated by the IEC Commission. It provides a technical support for electronic and eletrical industries in China to further comply with RoHS directive.     

Organochlorine and Metal Accumulation in Fish (Phoxinus phoxinus) Along a North-South Transect in the Alps

Southern populations of the European minnow fromremote oligotrophic mountain lakes along an Alpinenorth-south transect accumulated more p,p DDE andPCBs than northern populations. As these semi-volatileorganochlorines predominantly evaporate in warmcountries, higher rates of condensation (deposition)are assumed to occur in the southern slopes of theAlps. The higher accumulation of lead and cadmium insouthern population is rather attributed to geogenicand specific environmental impacts than to atmosphericdeposition. Increasing liver ratios of [glutathionedisulfide]/[glutathione], a potential indicator foroxidative stress, from north to south reflect thegenerally higher toxic load at remote sites at thesouthern edge of the Alps. However, histopathologicalchanges in the liver did not correlate withaccumulated toxicants indicating that deposition doesnot lead to severe lesions but induces specificmechanisms for detoxification.