不同种植方式对甜菜产质量的影响

试验结果表明,在同等条件下,由于栽培方式不同,密度不同,块根产量、产糖量差异较大,以纸筒大垄双行为最好,甜菜块根产量、产糖量比对照小垄直播分别提高36.7%、39.8%,每公顷纯增效益1602元。其次是大垄双行覆膜,块根产量、产糖量比对照小垄直播分别提高31.5%、33.1%。     

呼伦贝尔市农业结构调整最优方案

根据不同区域气候特点和产量水平,运用系统工程理论中的线性规划方法对该市的作物种植结构进行了调整,在种植面积基本不变的情况下,净产值增加了15.3%和17.3%;并在不同的气候区域设计了不同作物种植的最佳组合方案。这对增加农业种植效益和农民收入,有效改善生态环境,保持农业的可持续发展等方面都具有显著的经济、社会和生态效益。     

乌梁素海湿地环境与资源地理信息系统的研究

本系统建立乌梁素海湿地基础地形库、生态库、资源库、工程档案库、遥感影像库等基础数据库及信息发布系统 ,使 GPS、GIS、RS紧密结合 ,同时实现了专家决策支持系统与地理信息系统之间的一体化集成。本系统可以为乌梁素海湿地生态治理与资源开发提供全方位的数据信息及其管理 ,对生态工程规划与实施方案进行优化设计 ,并提供实时监控服务。     

The urbanization of wildlife management: Social science, conflict, and decision making

Increasing urbanization of rural landscapes has created new challenges for wildlife management. In addition to changes in the physical landscape, urbanization has also produced changes in the socio-cultural landscape. The greater distancing from direct interaction with wildlife in urbanized societies has led to the emergence of a culture whose meanings for wildlife are less grounded in the utilitarian/instrumental orientation of rural agrarian systems. Urban perspectives on wildlife are comprised of more highly individualized emotional/symbolic values. This shift creates two problems with respect to managing wildlife in an urbanizing landscape. First the increased diversity in values and meanings increases the likelihood for social conflicts regarding wildlife management while at the same time making socially acceptable resolutions more intractable. This in turn requires fundamental changes in decision-making paradigms and the research approaches used to inform decision making. Second, as remaining rural communities feel the pressures of urbanization, wildlife conflicts become conflicts not just over wildlife but conflict over larger socio-political concepts such as equity, tradition, private property rights, government control, power, and acceptable forms of knowledge. This paper examines the wildlife management implications of changes associated with increasing urbanization and employs two case studies to illustrate these issues. First a study of a controversy over urban deer management provides insights into how to map conflicting values and search for common ground in an urban culture with increasingly individualistic values for wildlife. Specifically, the analysis illustrates that common ground may, at times, be found even among people with conflicting value systems. The second case study examined a ranching community faced with predator reintroduction. This case study illustrates tensions that occur when the community of interest (i.e. a national public) is broader than the community of place in which the problem occurs. In this latter situation, the debate centers around more than just different views about the rights of animals. It also entailed the rights of individuals and communities to decide their future. The conclusion discusses the need for wildlife institutions to adapt their underlying decision making philosophy including the way science is integrated into decision making processes in light of the changes in social context caused by urbanization.     

种植方式与种植密度对大力士高粱的影响

本试验用裂区设计,研究了大力士高粱在16种不同种植密度、3种种植方式下,产草量、生产速度、茎叶比、茎粗的变化情况。结果表明,在撒播密度为18 kg/hm2、条播为22.5 kg/hm2、穴播为28.5 kg/hm2时达到最高产量;生长速度在第53-55 d时最高,达5.7 cm/d;茎叶比随着产量的增加逐渐减少;茎粗随着种植密度的增大而有减小的趋势。     

氮肥运筹及密度对中优752源库关系和剑叶温度的影响

以三系籼型杂交中稻中优752为材料,研究了氮肥运筹及密度对其源库关系和剑叶温度的影响。研究表明：在适宜施氮量的情况下,适当增加中后期施氮比例和适度稀植都能提高粒叶比和库源增量比、降低生育后期根系活力的衰退值,有利于源库协调。粒叶比和库源增量比与产量均显著正相关,生育后期根系活力的衰退值与产量极显著负相关。增施氮肥、增加中后期的施氮比例及适度稀植能降低剑叶温度。抽穗期及抽穗后25 d剑叶温度与产量呈极显著负相关,而抽穗期剑叶温度与抽穗期的伤流强度极显著负相关。     

基于HACCP系统的城市污水资源化利用研究

危害分析关键控制点(HACCP)是一个识别危害并建立控制系统的工具和预防危害的系统方法,在介绍HACCP体系的基本原理和在国内外污水资源化领域应用的基础上,提出污水资源化过程中的关键控制点、监控系统、关键限值和纠偏行动等,以加强污水资源化过程的质量控制和风险管理,确保人体健康和生态安全。     

苹果苗木类型和栽植时间对幼树生长特性的影响

【目的】为了研究不同栽植时间下不同苗木类型的生长特性,【方法】以3 a生‘长富2号’/‘M26’/八棱海棠为试材,测定3个栽植时间(2010年3月10日、4月10日和5月10日)下分枝苗、去分枝苗和单干苗生长特性相关指标。【结果】5月份栽植植株的生长势弱于3、4月栽植的植株;单干苗生长势弱于分枝苗和去分枝苗。栽植后第2年,3、4月栽植植株的株高、主干粗度显著大于5月栽植的植株。去分枝苗和单干苗株高显著大于分枝苗。3种苗木类型主干粗度依次为分枝苗>去分枝苗>单干苗,且相互差异显著。分枝苗和去分枝苗冠径显著大于单干苗。栽植后第3年,分枝苗的花芽数显著高于去分枝苗和单干苗。【结论】苹果苗木在冷藏条件下,4月栽植是可行的,本试验中3月份栽植较为适宜。分枝苗有利于促进幼树提早开花结果。     

大凌河流域初始水权分配方法比较分析

大凌河流域缺水比较严重,对其进行初始水权分配能有效配置水资源,使有限的水资源得到合理的利用,为使各地分得的初始水权更加准确,以公平性、有效性和可持续性原则为指导,建立了相应的指标体系,并分别运用模糊决策和层次分析法对大凌河流域初始水权进行分配,并对两种分配方法进行了比较分析,力求各地权重趋于合理化,最终选择层次分析法做为大凌河流域初始水权分配的方法。     

The role of models for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems for managing weeds

Weeds are both harmful for crop production and important for biodiversity, while herbicides can pollute the environment. We thus need new cropping systems optimising all cultural techniques, reconciling agricultural production, herbicide reduction and biodiversity conservation. Here, we show how to (i) develop models quantifying the effects of cropping systems on weed dynamics, (ii) integrate interactions between weeds and other organisms, (iii) predict the impact on production and biodiversity and (iv) use the model for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems. Among the existing weed dynamics models, we chose the one closest to our requirements to illustrate these different steps, that is, FlorSys which predicts multispecific weed dynamics as a function of cultural techniques and pedoclimate. We have illustrated the development of interaction submodels with the example of a crop pathogen whose propagation is increased when infecting grass weeds. To evaluate the weed flora impact, predicted weed densities were translated into indicators of harmfulness (crop yield loss, technical harvest problems, harvest pollution, field infestation, crop disease increase) and biodiversity (weed species richness and equitability, trophic resources for birds, insects and pollinators). Simulations were run over several years and with different weather scenarios (i) to optimise cultural techniques to control harmful weeds, (ii) to analyse the impact of changing agricultural practices (e.g. simplified tillage and rotations, no‐till, temporary crops) on weed density, species and trait composition and (iii) to evaluate cropping systems for their ability to reconcile agricultural production and biodiversity, thus identifying levers for designing sustainable cropping systems.