大白菜氮素营养的反射仪法快速诊断及应用

应用Merck RQflex 2型反射仪和硝酸根试纸条研究了氮肥施用数量和施用方式对宁夏银川平原复种大白菜产量和品质的影响,并探讨了大白菜硝酸盐与氮肥用量的相关性和速测指标。结果表明,大白菜的产量随施肥量的增加而增加,表现出线性——平台关系;施氮肥提高了大白菜产量和净菜率;关键需肥期进行追肥比传统的基肥加追肥具有显著的增产效果,且收获时体内硝酸盐水平降低;大白菜外叶叶柄硝酸盐含量随施氮量增加而显著增加,但随生育期延长而下降。复种大白菜最佳经济施氮量为572 kg/hm2,叶柄硝酸盐适宜含量为3 485.28 mg/kg。     

Dietary inclusion of dehydrated bocaiuva pulp increases the antioxidant potential of quail eggs

The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary supplementation of different levels of dehydrated bocaiuva pulp (DBP) on the productive performance of laying quails, and on lipid oxidation, and quality in their eggs. A total of 120 quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% of DBP), five replicates and four birds per experimental unit. To evaluate lipid oxidation, the eggs were collected on five consecutive days at the end of the trial and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 6 × 5 factorial scheme (eggs from quails fed different levels of DBP × evaluated fresh and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days). The antioxidant potential of diets was improved (p < 0.05) when the DBP was added estimated as 2,2'‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazolin‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging capacity. No effect (p > 0.05) was observed on feed intake, hen‐day egg production and feed conversion (kg/kg and kg/dz). There were no changes (p > 0.05) in the egg weight, Haugh unit, yolk index or eggshell percentage. Although no difference was observed (p > 0.05), when comparing each level with the control, a negative linear effect (p < 0.05) on specific gravity was observed. In addition, only the treatment with 0.5% pulp exhibited lower (p < 0.05) eggshell thickness compared with the control (0%). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) analysis showed that as the dietary pulp level was increased, malondialdehyde content decreased linearly (p < 0.05) in the egg yolks, regardless of the storage period. Inclusion of DBP in the diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on the concentration of conjugated dienes in the eggs. The diets containing DBP showed a potential antioxidant effect, reducing the degree of lipid oxidation in egg yolk. However, no beneficial effects were observed on performance and egg quality.     

荔枝果肉不同酚类成分群的分离及其抗氧化活性

【目的】比较荔枝果肉不同酚类成分群的总酚、总黄酮和缩合单宁含量、单体酚组成及抗氧化活性差异,明确荔枝果肉中发挥抗氧化作用的有效酚类成分,为揭示荔枝果肉发挥健康效应的物质基础提供依据。【方法】利用C18硅胶层析柱将荔枝果肉多酚提取物分离成F1、F2、F3和F4共4个不同的酚类成分群,分析各成分群的总酚、总黄酮和缩合单宁含量及单体酚组成,采用铁离子还原能力(ferric reducing ability of plasma,FRAP)、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy,DPPH)自由基消除能力、氧自由基吸收能力(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC)及细胞抗氧化能力(cellular antioxidant ability,CAA)4种抗氧化活性评价体系比较这4个成分群的抗氧化活性大小。【结果】荔枝果肉多酚提取物可以分为F1、F2、F3和F4共4个酚类成分群,其中F2的得率高达36%,其他成分群得率分别为18.71%、16.79%、21.12%;各酚类成分群的总酚、总黄酮和缩合单宁含量分别介于218.86—499.78 mg GAE·g~(-1) DW、414.94—1 285.45 mg RE·g~(-1) DW、83.35—483.43 mg CE·g~(-1) DW。4个成分群中F2的总酚、总黄酮和缩合单宁含量最高,对荔枝果肉多酚提取物相应的贡献率最大,分别为50.31%、54.24%、72.06%,均高于其余3个成分群的贡献率;其次是F3和F4;F1的最低。经HPLC分析和鉴定发现F2成分群主要为原花青素B2、表儿茶素等单体酚,F3仅含槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷一种单体酚,F4中含有芦丁等。抗氧化活性评价结果显示,4个成分群的FRAP抗氧化能力大小顺序为F2F3F4F1;DPPH消除能力的IC50值分别为27.00、9.76、19.41和16.25μg·m L~(-1),其中F2的IC50值最小,即DPPH消除能力最强,其次是F4、F3,F1最弱;ORAC抗氧化能力顺序为F2F3F4F1,CAA抗氧化能力顺序为F2F3F4、F1,其中F2的ORAC和CAA抗氧化能力分别为8.36 mmol TE·g~(-1)DW和190.71μmol QE·g~(-1) DW,对荔枝果肉多酚提取物ORAC和CAA值的贡献率分别高达50.42%和84.91%。【结论】荔枝果肉4个酚类成分群间的总酚、总黄酮和缩合单宁含量及抗氧化活性均存在显著差异,各成分群的单体酚组成亦各有特点,其中F2成分群的得率及总酚、总黄酮和缩合单宁含量最高,抗氧化活性最好,是荔枝果肉抗氧化作用的最主要酚类物质。     

全自动纸浆模塑餐具生产线气动系统设计

介绍了全自动纸浆模塑生产线的生产工艺过程，采用信号一动作状态线图法对气动系统进行设计，并描述了纸浆模塑生产线气动系统的工作过程及系统组成。     

响应面法优化番荔枝果肉黄酮提取工艺

以番荔枝为材料,通过颜色反应法及紫外吸收光谱法初步鉴定番荔枝果肉的黄酮类物质.以芦丁为标准品,利用紫外分光光度法测定样品的黄酮含量,并利用响应面法对番荔枝黄酮提取工艺进行优化.结果表明:在乙醇浓度为51％、料液比为1∶10(W/V)、提取温度为81℃、提取时间为2.5 h下,番荔枝中提取的黄酮含量为735 mg/100g.此方法简单、快捷、准确,可用于提取番荔枝果肉黄酮.     

混合果肉羊乳扣碗酪的加工工艺研究

研制全新的具有民族特色并且适合大多数人口味的奶酪食品。采用单因素多水平试验及正交试验方法,研究出混合果肉羊乳扣碗酪的加工工艺。为:白砂糖、琼脂熬汁→过滤→杀菌→添加到过滤杀菌的羊奶中调配→冷却→加江米酒→分装→冷凝→纯化→成品。产品配方为:新鲜山羊奶400g,8%桃果肉,8%梨果肉,9%葡萄干,果肉用30%的砂糖液煮制8min最佳,7.5%白砂糖,0.5%琼脂以及1.5%江米酒。该果肉扣碗酪具有水果的保健功效,营养全面,丰富我国的乳品市场和促进羊奶产业的发展。     

振捣提浆与侧深施肥技术模式对寒地水稻产量性状及肥水效率的影响

为解决北方寒地传统搅浆平地耕作模式造成稻田泡田灌溉水量大和肥料利用效率低等问题,于2018—2019年以稻田水整地环节振捣提浆机与侧深施肥机为材料,采用2种耕整地模式和2种施肥模式的正交试验设计：搅浆平地耕整地模式(WPF)、振捣提浆耕整地模式(VEP)、基肥撒施模式(CFA)和侧深施肥模式(SDF),分析振捣提浆+侧深施肥技术模式对泡田期灌水量、干物质积累量、产量指标、肥料利用率及经济效益的影响。结果表明：与常规搅浆平地耕整地+基肥撒施(WPF+CFA)相比,搅浆平地耕整地+侧深施肥(WPF+SDF)、振捣提浆耕整地+基肥撒施(VEP+CFA)和振捣提浆耕整地+侧深施肥(VEP+SDF)3种技术模式对水稻泡田灌溉量、产量性状、肥料利用效率和经济效益均产生显著的影响,以VEP+SDF增幅最大,WPF+SDF次之,VEP+CFA最小。与WPF+CFA相比,VEP+SDF模式能显著提高肥水效率,节约泡田灌溉水11.4%,减少肥料施用量10%,产量和经济效益分别提高7.3%和1628.7元/hm²。本研究表明,VEP+SDF模式显著改善肥水利用效率,提高植株产量和经济效益,是北方寒地水稻较为理想的机械化整地施肥技术模式。     

沙质农田表层土壤水分扩散率测定及氯化钴试纸的应用研究

非饱和土壤水分扩散率是研究土壤水分运动规律必不可少的基本参数之一。本文应用水平土柱入渗法测定了科尔沁沙地沙质农田表层土壤的非饱和水分扩散率,并对氯化钴试纸在测定水分扩散率中的应用作了初步尝试和研究。主要结论如下：沙质农田表层土壤湿润锋迁移速率随着入渗距离的增大而减小,呈幂函数关系;波尔兹曼参数与土壤含水量呈直线关系;土壤水分扩散率与土壤含水量之间的关系,符合经验公式并呈指数函数变化。在应用水平土柱法测定非饱和土壤水分扩散率的过程中,氯化钴试纸法可以用于测定湿润锋的位置,特别是在高土壤含水量时,相比目视法而言更能显示其优势,在一定程度上可以提高测定结果的可靠性。     

漆酶处理对未漂硫酸盐浆抗张强度和纤维表面的影响

探讨了漆酶处理对未漂硫酸盐浆抗张强度的影响,研究了漆酶处理的主要工艺参数对纸页湿抗张强度的影响;并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对漆酶处理前后纤维表面微细结构的变化进行了研究。结果表明,漆酶可以改善纸浆的湿抗张强度,但对于抗张强度不起作用;提高纸浆湿强度的最佳酶促反应条件为:酶用量16U(以每克绝干浆计),温度45℃,pH值4.5,处理时间2h。扫描电镜分析表明,漆酶处理使得纤维表面变得粗糙,纤维之间产生了黏结性,湿强度得以提高。     

Application of cationic polymer prepared from sulfuric acid lignin as a retention aid for usual rosin sizes to neutral papermaking

Cationic polymers that acted as the retention aids for usual rosin sizes in neutral papermaking were prepared from sulfuric acid lignin (SAL), one type of acid lignin. To convert SAL to the cationic polymer (MP-SAL), SAL was phenolated and then treated by the Mannich reaction to introduce the amino groups. In the MP-SAL single system, MP-SAL exhibited high sizing effectiveness in neutral papermaking with the rosin emulsion size. However, MP-SAL showed no sizing effectiveness when soap rosin size was used. MP-SAL showed increased sizing effectiveness as the pK _a of the introduced amino group increased. From this and comparison of the sizing degrees of MP-SAL and polyethylenimine, which possesses a linear structure, it was suggested that the sizing effectiveness was not only affected by the charge density and molecular weight, but also by the basicity of the introduced amino groups and the molecular structure of the retention aid. In the alum–MP-SAL dual system, alum and MP-SAL synergistically enhanced the sizing effectiveness in the rosin emulsion sizing at neutral pH. In turn, this allowed a decrease in the MP-SAL dosage and resulted in a small decrease in brightness.Part of this report was presented at the 48th Lignin Symposium, October 2003, Fukui