变叶海棠种群多样性的形成与分化研究

 采用杂种指数和形象化散点图法, 探明了变叶海棠以兼性无融合生殖方式与陇东海棠和花叶海棠产生渗入杂交变异, 又以无融合生殖方式保持新产生变异的遗传, 经过数千万年的世代繁衍,形成现今这样极其复杂多样的渗入杂交群体, 该群体为3 个种的杂交复合体。由于杂种的全部或部分能育子代中发生的基因重组和增加基因的突变, 丰富了物种的基因库, 从而深入的揭示了变叶海棠具有多种高抗性的遗传机理。在变叶海棠居群内保护或栽植适量的陇东海棠和花叶海棠, 对于保持和促进变叶海棠多样性的形成与分化具有重要意义。     

入侵害虫芒果壮铗普瘿蚊对5种芒果挥发物的电生理反应和行为选择

芒果壮铗普瘿蚊（Procontarinia robusta）是我国外来危险性入侵害虫,坚硬的瘿壳导致药剂防治困难。植食性昆虫主要通过触角接收植物挥发物选择寄主,本研究采用触角电位联用仪（EAG）和“Y”型嗅觉仪观察瘿蚊成虫对芒果叶片挥发物成分（α-蒎烯、3-莰烯、α-石竹烯、异松油烯、乙酸乙酯）的电生理反应和行为选择,结果显示：EAG反应值大小排序依次为α-蒎烯>3-莰烯>α-石竹烯>异松油烯>乙酸乙酯,α-蒎烯处理组显著高于其他挥发物。虽然雌虫对于α-蒎烯、3-莰烯、α-石竹烯3种物质的EAG反应值比雄虫的高,但是雌雄之间对同一挥发物差异不显著（P<0.05）。行为选择结果显示：对瘿蚊吸引率高低依次为：3-莰烯>乙酸乙酯>α-石竹烯>α-蒎烯>异松油烯;3-莰烯对瘿蚊的吸引率最高,达到74.20%,显著高于α-蒎烯和异松油烯,乙酸乙酯吸引率次之,达到66.07%;异松油酯的趋避性最高,达到74.25%,显著高于其他挥发物。实验中也显示浓度阈值现象,α-蒎烯在浓度0.5 mL/L和1 mL/L浓度范围内有显著的趋避效果,在高于或低于此范围内的其他浓度引诱率和趋避率差异不显著。α-石竹烯高浓度（1.0 mL/L and 2.0 mL/L）对芒果壮铗普瘿蚊有显著引诱作用,3-莰烯和α-石竹烯处理组随着浓度的升高对瘿蚊的引诱率增加。研究结果为阐释瘿蚊入侵机理提供理论依据,为开发引诱剂或趋避剂提供技术支撑。     

甲壳素对连作平邑甜茶生长、光合及抗氧化酶的影响

以苹果连作土盆栽的平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,探讨了0、0.5、1.0和2.5 g·kg-1不同施入量的甲壳素对其光合速率、活性氧含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,1.0 g·kg-1的甲壳素处理能显著促进幼苗株高、地径,干样质量和根冠比的增加,根冠比为对照的1.51倍;明显提高了幼苗叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率,其中光合速率为对照的1.30倍;同时提高了幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,分别为对照的1.10倍、1.85倍、1.77倍和1.43倍;减少了叶片丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子的积累,分别为对照的73%、62%和34%,降低了脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖含量。当甲壳素施用量为2.5 g·kg-1时则显著抑制平邑甜茶幼苗生长,降低幼苗叶片光合速率和抗氧化酶活性,并使超氧阴离子和脯氨酸含量明显上升。因此,适宜用量的甲壳素能减轻苹果的连作障碍。     

Einfluss selektiver mechanischer Fruchtbehangsregulierung auf Ethylensynthese als Stressindikator sowie Ertrag und Fruchtqualität bei Kernobst

The overall objective of this work was to improve fruit quality, break alternate bearing and reduce hand thinning using fewer chemicals in fruit crops. A device was constructed for mechanical thinning, which consisted of three independent horizontal rotors with ropes and freely adjustable angles on a frame, mounted on a front three point hitch and powered by the tractor hydraulics. This can be adapted to any fruit tree trained as spindle, Solaxe, (tall) vertical axis or fruit wall (le mur fruitier) irrespective of rootstock employed. Rotor speed varied from 300 to 460?rpm at either 5 or 7.5?km/h tractor speed. Eight-year-old or twelve-old apple trees cvs. ‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were mechanically thinned in 2007 between pink bud and full bloom (flower bud stages 6–8 or F1–F2) near Bonn, Germany; non-thinned and hand-thinned apple trees of the same block and variety served as control. Mechanically thinned flowering branches showed a similar amount of ethylene efflux (0.4–0.6?ppm C₂H₄/branch) as non-thinned flower branches, preventing potentially unexpected subsequent fruit drop, except for those removed by the rotors. The impact of the horizontal rotors on the branches was from the upper side and removed excessive flowers right to the tree trunk viz. the centre of the tree canopy, where fruits of lesser quality are expected leaving 2–3 flowers per cluster. Leaf damage was less than??10%, even at the fast rotor speed of 420?rpm, which was associated with negligible wood injury. Mechanical thinning induced firmer and sweeter fruit, i.e. tastier apples with longer shelf life, relative to control fruit from non-thinned apple trees. The greatest efficacy in terms of final fruit quality in the grading/sorting was achieved by a rotor speed of 360?rpm at a tractor speed of 5?km/h: Fruit mass increased by up to 20?g and the proportion of fruit larger than 70–75?mm by 10–30% compared with the fruit from non-thinned trees. Mechanical thinning with this newly constructed device led to a 10–20% reduction in yield, but increased returns due to better fruit size and colouration in apple with the potential to overcome alternate bearing.     

库尔勒香梨保鲜状况及贮藏中的新问题

库尔勒香梨是新疆特色的传统优势梨,不少学者认为库尔勒香梨是瀚海梨和鸭梨的自然杂交种。近年来,它已成为中国香港、东南亚市场上具有较强竞争力的水果。但是库尔勒香梨在贮藏过程中存在很多问题,严重影响了其销售量和经济效益,大大降低了商品价值,带来了较大的经济损失。     

Method of Constructing Core Collection for Malus sieversii in Xinjiang, China Using Molecular Markers

The method for constructing core collection ofMalus sieversii based on molecular marker data was proposed. According to 128 SSR allele of 109 M. sieversii, an allele preferred sampling strategy was used to construct M. sieversii core collection, using the UPGMA （unweighted pair-group average method） cluster method according to Nei ＆ Li, SM, and Jaccard genetic distances, by stepwise clustering, and compared with the random sampling strategy. The number of lost allele and t-test of Nei＇s gene diversity and Shannon＇s information index were used to evaluate the representative core collections. The results showed that compared with the random sampling strategy, allele preferred sampling strategy could construct more representative core collections. SM, difference for construction of M. sieversii core collection. Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances had no significant SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） data and morphological data showed that allele preferred sampling strategy was a good sampling strategy for constructing core collection of M. sieversii. Allele preferred sampling strategy combined with SM, Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances using stepwise clustering was the suitable method for constructing M. sieversii core collection.     

观赏海棠愈伤组织的诱导与增殖

[目的]观赏海棠‘春雪’是一种广泛应用的观赏树木,主要进行无性繁殖.愈伤组织培养是植物进行无性繁殖的重要途径.[方法]以观赏海棠‘春雪’组培苗继代培养一个月后的叶片为材料,研究生长调节物质、温度、光照、放置方式以及不同外植体对其愈伤组织诱导及增殖的影响.[结果结论]试验结果表明,叶片正放暗培养10 d有利于愈伤组织的诱导,其中以添加NAA 2 mg/L,6-BA 0.5 mg/L的MS培养基对致密型愈伤组织的诱导效果较好,添加2,4-D 2 mg/L,6-BA 0.05 mg/L的MS培养基对疏松型愈伤组织的诱导效果较好.适宜致密型愈伤组织增殖的培养基为添加6-BA 4 mg/L,NAA 2 mg/L的MS培养基;适宜疏松型愈伤组织增殖的培养基为添加6-BA 0.01 mg/L,2,4-D 2 mg/L的MS培养基.碳氮浓度、光照及温度对两种愈伤组织增殖的影响各不相同.致密型愈伤组织在蔗糖质量浓度为70 g/L,NH4NO3质量浓度825 mg/L,光照时间24h,温度15℃时,愈伤组织的增殖量最大.疏松型愈伤组织在蔗糖质量浓度为30 g/L,NH4 NO3质量浓度3 300mg/L,光照时间16 h,温度26℃时,愈伤组织的增殖量最大.     

Intercepted radiation by apple canopy can be used as a basis for irrigation scheduling

Improved approaches for irrigation scheduling require specific protocols for adaptation to different growing conditions. We assessed crop intercepted radiation as the main factor for decision on irrigation scheduling. Over two growing seasons (2007-2008), apple trees growing in a large weighing lysimeter were used to measure daily canopy transpiration (T_d). Seasonal patterns of daily canopy intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR_d) and midday stem water potential were also measured. In 2007, irrigation was withheld in two different times to study T_d responses to midday stem water potential. Before harvest, under full irrigation, T_d increased linearly with IPAR_d (R² = 0.81 in 2007 and 0.84 in 2008). With the two year data combined, R² increased from 0.74 to 0.80 when VPD was considered as a second variable. When irrigation was withheld in 2007 the ratio between T_d and IPAR_d, which is defined here as transpiratory radiation use efficiency (TRUE), decreased linearly (R² = 0.49) as midday stem water potential decreased. Due to the highly significant effect of IPAR_d and VPD on T_d, TRUE showed potential applications in estimating the amount of irrigation water.     

阔叶槭物候特征及播种育苗试验

为了合理利用和开发阔叶槭资源,本文通过多年观测总结了阔叶槭的物候特征和变色特性,并从种子采集、种子处理、基质选择、播种等方面探索了阔叶槭的育苗方法。结果表明：阔叶槭3月下旬到4月上中旬展叶并开花结果,变色时间为11月初至12月初,落叶时间为11月中旬至12月上中旬;低温湿沙层积处理可以解除其休眠特性;采用体积配比为珍珠岩∶河沙∶草炭=1∶2∶2的基质进行播种育苗可以有效提高阔叶槭的出苗率。     

观赏性小苹果“特丽”的组织培养及快速繁殖技术

以MS为基本培养基，以观赏性小苹果“特丽”的茎段为外植体，建立了无菌培养体系，研究了不同的激素配比和不同茎段类型对增殖培养的影响以及不同的生长素组合对试管苗生根的影响。结果表明：MS+BA0.5 mg/L~2.0mg/L+NAA0.1mg/L均为适合的芽萌发培养基；MS+BA1.5mg/L+IBA0.1mg/L是最适合的茎段增殖培养基；继代增殖培养取留顶芽无侧芽和去顶芽带有1~2个侧芽两种类型的茎段有利于提高增殖系数；1/2MS+0.2mg/L IAA是最佳生根培养基。试管苗增殖系数达到5.6，生根率达91.9%。