福寿螺细胞色素P450 基因CYP3192A1 的克隆与表达分析

细胞色素P450酶 (Cytochrome P450, CYPs) 由P450基因编码,其中Cyp1a基因参与不同类型外源物质的生物转化和代谢。克隆了紫红笛鲷 (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) Cyp1a基因,对其组织表达模式进行分析,探讨了不同质量浓度 (10、50和250 μg·L⁻¹) 一溴联苯醚 (4-bromodiphenyl ether, BDE-3) 和十溴联苯醚 (decabromodiphenyl ether, BDE-209) 胁迫对紫红笛鲷肝脏Cyp1a表达及7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶 (7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, EROD) 活性的影响。结果表明,紫红笛鲷Cyp1a cDNA全长2540 bp,开放阅读框长1 566 bp,编码521个氨基酸。同源分析结果表明紫红笛鲷CYP1A与花鲈 (Lateolabrax maculatus) CYP1A蛋白相似性最高 (92.69%),进化树分析与白梭吻鲈 (Sander lucioperca) 聚为一支,进化地位最近。Cyp1a基因在紫红笛鲷肝脏表达量最高,其次是脑和鳃,肌肉最低。10 μg·L⁻¹ BDE-3和BDE-209未对Cyp1a基因表达和EROD活性产生影响,而50和250 μg·L⁻¹BDE-3胁迫7~15 d则对两者产生显著抑制,且呈现剂量效应。与BDE-3相反,50和250 μg·L⁻¹ BDE-209 处理组Cyp1a基因表达和EROD活性显著增加,且Cyp1a基因表达与EROD活性呈显著正相关。高浓度BDE-3和BDE-209可对紫红笛鲷肝脏Cyp1a基因的表达产生影响,但两者的影响模式不同。     

湛江港区底泥悬浮物对2种海洋动物的致死效应研究

为评价湛江沿海涉海工程建设过程中引起的悬浮物质对附近海区海洋动物的影响,研究了底泥液相及不同浓度底泥悬浮物对川纹笛鲷和尖吻鲈的致死效应。试验结果表明,在8d的试验时间里,底泥水相对川纹笛鲷和尖吻鲈均无致死效应。底泥悬浮物浓度≤160mg/L时,川纹笛鲷和尖吻鲈的死亡率均处于较低水平。底泥悬浮物浓度≥2560 mg/L时,川纹笛鲷死亡率达75%,尖吻鲈死亡率达70%。通过概率单位法计算得出川纹笛鲷的8d半致死浓度为716.14 mg/L,尖吻鲈的8d半致死浓度为1105.096 mg/L。     

Assessing the use of a dietary probiotic/prebiotic as an enhancer of spinefoot rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus survival and growth

The use of prebiotics and probiotics as feed supplements that improve efficiency of intestinal bacteria is becoming de rigueur in animal husbandry in many regions worldwide. We tested the effects of a commercial probiotic (Biogen^®) containing allicin, high unit hydrolytic enzyme, Bacillus subtilis spores and ginseng extracts on survival, growth, carcass composition and feed cost/benefit in rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus. Fifteen net cages (100 × 100 × 40 cm; L × W × H) were stocked with 10 juvenile rabbitfish (10.3 g per fish) each and placed in a large rectangular tank and offered feed at 4% body weight daily. Cages were offered one of five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g kg⁻¹ probiotic at three replicates per treatment for 98 days. Fish in all cages were weighed at 2‐week intervals and feed regimen was adjusted accordingly. Rabbitfish offered the control diet exhibited lower growth and feed utilization than all experimental treatments. There was no effect of probiotic inclusion level on survival but growth was better at all inclusion levels than in the control. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth were observed among fish groups fed various levels of the probiotic. Carcass composition was not affected by dietary probiotic inclusion. Ultimately, when all variables are considered, Biogen^® inclusion to diets appears to reduce feed cost per unit growth of rabbitfish.     

氟苯尼考在红笛鲷体内的药代动力学研究

为研究氟苯尼考在红笛鲷体内的药代动力学特征,在水温(20±2)℃条件下,氟苯尼考以10 mg/kg单剂量腹注和口灌健康红笛鲷(Lutjanus sanguineus),采用HPLC-MS/MS测定组织中的药物浓度,数据用DAS3.0软件分析。结果显示,两种给药方式下红笛鲷血浆药时数据均符合一级吸收二室模型;腹注给药后血浆、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉的峰浓度(C_(max))分别为10.62μg/m L、8.36、22.57和4.76μg/g,达峰时间(T_(max))分别为1.2、1.0、1.0和6.0 h,消除半衰期(t_(1/2β))分别为29.76、17.84、17.23和19.48 h;口灌给药后血浆、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉的C_(max)分别为2.35μg/m L、1.45μg/g、4.06μg/g和1.73μg/g,T_(max)分别为2.69、1.5、1.5和4.0 h,t_(1/2β)分别为40.59、12.29、37.78和47.34 h。结果表明,腹注给药方式下氟苯尼考在红笛鲷体内的吸收快于口灌给药,在血浆和肝脏中的消除快于口灌给药,在肌肉和肾脏中的消除则慢于口灌给药。研究结果为氟苯尼考在临床上的合理应用提供了科学依据。     

3种笛鲷的含肉率、肥满度、比肝重和肌肉营养成分的分析

对千年笛鲷Lutjanus sebae、红鳍笛鲷L.erythopterus和紫红笛鲷L.argentimaculatus及不同生长阶段千年笛鲷的含肉率、肥满度、比肝重及其肌肉生化成分进行了分析,结果表明,3种笛鲷的含肉率差异极显著,肥满度、比肝重和肌肉营养成分的差异较小,而对于不同生长阶段的千年笛鲷而言,其差异明显。肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪和水分含量的大小顺序均为红鳍笛鲷>紫红笛鲷>千年笛鲷。不同生长阶段的千年笛鲷,随着鱼体的生长,其含肉率增加,肥满度和比肝重降低;粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量增加,水分和灰分含量减少。     

汞离子胁迫对红鳍笛鲷抗氧化酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

为探讨鱼体抗氧化系统以及神经系统对水体中汞胁迫的响应机制,在实验条件下研究了汞离子对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼[体长为(4.95±0.79)cm,体重为(4.57±2.02)g]的急性毒性及对鱼体肝脏、鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及脑组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力的影响。结果表明:半静水实验条件下,汞离子对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼的安全浓度为0.040mg/L。汞离子暴露6h时,各浓度组的肝脏SOD酶活均比对照组有显著升高(P<0.05)。随暴露时间的增加,低浓度组SOD的活性变化较小,而高浓度组鱼体肝脏SOD的活性出现被诱导或被抑制的现象,表明鱼体在高浓度汞胁迫下抗氧化系统出现一定程度的紊乱。鳃的SOD活力在暴露6h亦显著升高,随时间的延长,各浓度组SOD的活性具不同程度的下降趋势。MDA含量的变化表明,鳃组织在暴露6h时已开始受到显著损伤(P<0.05),而肝在6h时无显著变化,在12h时开始受损伤。脑组织AChE活性在暴露6h时略受抑制(P>0.05);暴露12h时高浓度组显著增加(P<0.05),诱导率平均为36%;汞离子暴露24h时,鱼脑AChE的抑制率分别为28%～38%;暴露48h、96h时抑制率...     

Dietary protein requirement of juvenile marbled spinefoot rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus

Rabbitfish are an Indo‐Pacific herbivorous marine fish that have good market demand and are suitable for aquaculture. The present work was performed to determine dietary protein inclusion necessary for optimal growth of juvenile rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus. Six diets with increasing levels of protein (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g crude protein 100 g^?1 feed) and similar levels of gross energy (20 MJ kg^?1) were prepared and offered to S. rivulatus juveniles maintained in triplicate cages placed in two large water tanks for 49 days. Growth progressively improved with dietary protein for fish offered diets from 10% to 40% protein inclusion. Diets with greater protein levels did not improve fish growth beyond that observed in the 40% group. Daily feed intake, apparent protein utilization and feed conversion ratio decreased as dietary protein increased. Protein efficiency (PE) was greatest (1.47) in fish offered the 10% protein diet and least in fish offered the 60% protein diet (0.80). No differences in PE were observed among all other treatments (20–50%). Results of the present work suggest that minimum dietary requirement for suitable growth of S. rivulatus juveniles is 40% protein when digestible energy of the diet is 16–18 MJ kg^?1.     

A comparison of the population genetics of Lethrinus miniatus and Lutjanus sebae from the east and west coasts of Australia: Evidence for panmixia and isolation

Lethrinus miniatus and Lutjanus sebae are important commercial and recreational species of reef fish. Within Australian waters the former species is less widespread than the latter and has a discontinuous distribution, whilst the latter is continuously distributed in tropical Australian waters. The demographic attributes of these species (e.g. long life span, low rates of natural mortality) make them vulnerable to over-exploitation. Consequently, conservative harvest strategies including no-take zones for these species have been adopted by fisheries management agencies to control exploitation. Information on the genetic stock structure of these species is important for developing specific management strategies. However, little is known about genetic stock structures within and between east and west Australian populations of these species. The current study used the mitochondrial genome hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the control region to examine variation between two sites from both the east and west Australian coasts for each species. HVR1 for L. sebae did not differ genetically either within or between coasts (F_st < 0.018, p > 0.15) at the sites studied, suggesting a panmictic population structure. Similarly, L. miniatus did not differ significantly between sites sampled within coast. However, the west coast HVR1 for L. miniatus east and west coast populations, were discrete (F_st of at least 0.92, p < 0.0001). The degree of genetic sub-division between east and west coast populations indicates that they should be managed as discrete stocks. Further, when considering both species, the lower genetic (both haplotype and nucleotide) diversity in three of the four sites on the west coast of Australia, indicates that this region is genetically impoverished and neutrality tests suggest that selection is responsible. Consequently, west Australian populations will be less resilient to perturbations (e.g. fishing, climate change) than east Australian populations, which have higher genetic diversity.     

Substitution of fish meal by soybean meal in diets for juvenile marbled spinefoot,Siganus rivulatus

The present work was performed to assess whether soybean meal (SBM) could replace fish meal (FM) as a source of dietary protein in diets of the marine herbivore Siganus rivulatus. Five iso-nitrogenous (40% protein) and iso-energetic (14 MJ/Kg) diets were prepared with SBM replacing fish meal at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% dietary protein. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted with 240 juvenile S. rivulatus (initial body mass 1.74 ± 0.03 g). Survival, growth, feed, and protein efficiency and hematological parameters were assessed. Growth correlated negatively with increase in dietary SBM. All production parameters measured were negatively affected at all levels of SBM inclusion. There were no effects on total or differential blood counts, hemoglobin, or plasma protein, but hematocrit values were negatively correlated with SBM addition. Results suggest that total replacement of FM by SBM without adding other supplements is not recommended, even for an herbivorous marine fish such as S. rivulatus.