早期营养干预对幼龄反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系发育的影响

正常稳定的瘤胃微生物区系是反刍动物瘤胃健康的重要指标,且在瘤胃结构形态发育、微生物定植模式、免疫功能调节及抵御外源致病因子侵袭等方面发挥着重要积极作用.最近研究表明,新生反刍动物瘤胃微生物组成相对单一,但随着早期瘤胃发育过程中不同微生物群落相继开始定植并占据不同的生态位,此时的营养干预可能会形成特定的微生物群落组合并产...     

Emergency response following suspicion of an avian influenza outbreak

The management of a suspected index case of highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) is crucial to the subsequent actions aimed at limiting the spread of infection and ultimately in prompt eradication of the virus. In this study, the legislative basis, basic concepts and actions behind a successful disease management programme are reviewed. These include actions at local veterinary headquarters and at farm level which must be coordinated centrally to ensure the flow of information essential to decision making. The success of any emergency intervention strategy is dependent upon the level of preparedness, including action plans to source manpower, equipment and on the degree of communication between relevant parties. Availability of information on the successes and failures in field outbreak management, will inevitably result in improved AI control worldwide.     

牛副结核病的危害及其防控措施

由副结核分枝杆菌引起牛的副结核病常导致感染牛的慢性增生性肠炎,以及体重、产奶量等生产性能下降,给畜牧业带来了严重的经济损失,目前尚无有效治疗药物。人们常采用不同的检测技术定期对牛群进行监测、淘汰活动带菌期的牛、对牛群进行疫苗接种、采用生物安全防控等措施比较有效地避免了副结核分枝杆菌在牛群中的传播。文章主要从副结核分枝杆菌背景,牛副结核病的危害及防控措施三个方面进行了综述,以期为牛副结核病的防控提供思路。     

外源粪菌干预对受体猪肠道屏障功能的影响研究

为研究外源粪菌干预对受体猪肠道屏障功能的影响,试验选取初生重相近、胎次相同、同日出生的杜×长×大三元杂交哺乳仔猪12窝,随机分为2组,每组6窝(每窝10~12头)。试验组于1~10日龄隔天灌喂1 m L金华猪粪菌悬液进行外源粪菌干预;对照组灌喂等量无菌0.1 mol/L无菌磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。试验期间,仔猪自由哺乳采食和饮水,分别于12日龄和27日龄进行屠宰、采样。结果表明:外源粪菌干预可明显减少腹泻,提高受体猪的平均日增重和成活率(P0.05);外源粪菌干预能显著降低27日龄受体猪肠道隐窝深度(P0.05),显著提高肠道绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P0.05);外源粪菌干预能显著增加肠道杯状细胞数和12日龄肠道分泌型免疫球蛋白A阳性(SIgA~+)细胞数(P0.05),同时显著提高肠道黏蛋白Muc2、紧密连接蛋白ZO-1和Occludin表达水平(P0.05),而27日龄试验组的肠道SIgA~+细胞数与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。综上可知,外源粪菌干预能通过增加肠道杯状细胞和SIgA~+细胞数、提高黏蛋白和紧密连接蛋白表达的方式调节受体猪肠道屏障功能,具有维持猪肠道功能稳态和促进肠道健康的作用。     

Randomized control trial to test the effect of a feed additive on Campylobacter contamination in commercial broiler flocks up to slaughter

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried to evaluate the effect of a feed additive on Campylobacter contamination of broilers reared in commercial conditions. Twenty‐four broiler flocks naturally contaminated with Campylobacter were enrolled in the RCT: 12 were assigned to a control group (C) fed with a conventional finishing feed from 4 weeks of age to slaughter (around 35 days), and the other group of 12 flocks (S) was fed with a finishing feed supplemented with 250 ppm of a patented feed additive (an ion‐exchanged clay compound) previously proven to reduce Campylobacter contamination in broiler caeca under experimental conditions. Enumeration of Campylobacter colonies in caeca (8 per flock) was carried out following ISO standards before feed distribution and at slaughter. Before treatment, the caecal Campylobacter load tended to be lower in C flocks (7.1 ± 1.9 log CFU/g, CI_95% [6.6–7.5]) than in S flocks (7.7 ± 1.0 log UFC/g, CI_95% [7.5–7.9]) (p = .05). At slaughter, the bacterial load was similar in the S (7.7 ± 1.0 log CFU/g, CI_95% [7.5–7.9]) and C groups (7.5 ± 1.2 log CFU/g, CI_95% [7.2–7.8]) (p = .73). Therefore, the feed additive had no significant effect on the caecal Campylobacter load at slaughter under the tested conditions. The logistical constraints inherent in field trials and the natural variability of Campylobacter contamination in naturally infected broiler flocks make it difficult to reproduce experimental results in in situ farm conditions. RCT testing of an intervention strategy in commercial situation is therefore a key step in evaluating pre‐harvest interventions against food‐borne pathogens.     

汶川地震后中学生心理健康状况与心理干预的关系

采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）及自编的心理干预调查表对413名中学生进行调查。结果表明：22．1％的中学生接受过心理干预;接受干预组的中学生在躯体化、人际敏感、焦虑和精神赢性四个因子上显著低于未接受干预组;接受干预组的女生在焦虑、精神病性两个因子上得分显著低于未接受干预组;初二年级接受干预组的中学生在人际敏感、精神病性两个因个子上得分显著低于未干预组,初三年级接受干预组的中学生在躯体化因子上得分显著低于未干预组。地震后中学生心理健康状况欠佳,心理干预能有效地改善中学生心理健康状况,在重大创伤性事件后有必要及时给予心理干预。     

浅谈政府性投资建设项目管理策略

随着中央和地方财政收入的不断增长,财政用于基本建设支出占整个财政支出的比例将会越来越大,要把财政性资金管好用好。使政府投资项目充分发挥其作用,就需从项目的立项、实施到项目的竣工决算进行全过程多环节的监督管理,充分发挥财政对基本建设项目价值管理的手段,努力提高基本建设项目的管理水平尤其是财务管理水平。     

核桃密闭园密度干预措施

早实核桃一般要采取规模化建园、集约化生产,树体年生长量较大,进入盛果期后,树体高大密闭,会导致生产能力下降,病虫危害加剧,树体生长势衰落,给日常管理带来不便。对此,本文提出要对密闭园进行密度干预,通过对盛果期核桃园植株间伐、植株改接、换头培养用材品种或移栽另新建园等方式,进行科学改造,实现果园提质增效和产业的可持续发展。     

我国政府绩效研究与思考

20世纪80年代后,西方发达国家通过绩效管理,国家竞争力得到很大提升。作为发展中国家如何能更有效地应对挑战？本文从政府绩效的内涵出发,深入剖析了政府绩效管理存在的问题,提出解决的途径与对策,以期提高政府管理的效率。     

中国农民专业合作社发展现状与制约因素研究

为了探讨中国农民专业合作社的发展状况以及为今后合作社的发展提供参考,本文在文献梳理的基础上,讨论了中国农民专业合作社的发展特点、存在的发展问题,在此基础上重点讨论了制约中国农民专业合作社发展的几个因素。研究发现,乡土文化、政府介入等因素不同程度的制约着合作社的发展。