西宁林业产业结构及发展

阐述了西宁林业产业结构现状,分析了当前林业产业结构发展中存在的问题,提出西宁林业产业结构优化调整和发展措施。     

放牧牦牛暖棚补饲效果观察

通过对放牧牦牛全舍饲进行补饲,期中试验组公牛组增重1.19kg,增重率为1.71%。对照组公牛增重-8.02kg,增重率为-13.13%。试验组公牛比对照组公牛多增重9.21kg,高14.306%,差异性极显著(Pp<0.01)。期中试验组母牛增重4.78kg,增重率为6.63%,对照组母牛增重-7.82kg,增重率为-13.80%,试验组母牛比对照组母牛多增重12.60kg,高20.43%,差异性极显著(P<0.01)。期末试验组公牛增重4.47kg,增重率为6.01%,对照组公牛增重-11.55kg,增重率-23.31%,试验组公牛比对照组公牛多增重16.02kg,高29.32%,差异性极显著(P<0.01)。期末实验组母牛增重10.20kg,增重率为12.39%,对照组母牛增重-10.38kg,增重率为-22.42%,组母牛比对照组母牛多增重22.48kg,高34.81%,差异性极显著(P<0.01)。     

Industry Perceptions of HERDA in Performance Horses

Hereditary equine regional derma asthenia (HERDA), an autosomal-recessive trait, found in Quarter Horses, causes abnormal collagen structure. Owing to current breeding practices, 3.5% of registered quarter horses and 28.3% of the cow horse population are heterozygote carriers. Research demonstrated homozygote horses develop hyperextensible skin susceptible to injury and other abnormal tissues containing high fibrillar collagen content. No research exists determining the effects of the disease in heterozygote carriers. Currently, 30% of cutting sires are HERDA carriers, potentially increasing the number of heterozygous individuals when bred. The objective of the present study is to gauge knowledge of the disease, perception, and concerns of the diseases’ impact on horse performance and perceived value and breeding decisions. A Qualtrics link was distributed to horse owners via extension specialists and was available online on equine-related Facebook pages. Overall group means and standard deviations for constructs were reported. A total of 228 responses were collected. Most participants were involved in reining and cutting and 34.6% reported they were very familiar with the disease. Participants (78.5%) reported that HERDA status affects value of a breeding animal. Owners of HERDA carriers (62.5%) noticed no difference in performance or injury compared with noncarriers. Respondents (95.2%) believed that all breeding animals should have HERDA status available. Respondents are attempting to make informed breeding decisions based on HERDA status by pairing carriers with noncarriers; however, it remains to be seen if that is adequate to control the disease. Education regarding breeding practices and its impact on the genetic pool are warranted.     

The Effects of Feed Form on Consumption Time and Glucose and Insulin Response to a Concentrate Meal in Equine

This study tested the hypothesis that feeding an identically formulated, low sugar and starch concentrate in three forms (5-mm extruded [E], 4-mm pellet [P], and 19-mm oval [O]) would affect consumption rate and glucose or insulin responses, or both. Horses received 1.8 kg treatment feed in a randomized, crossover design, with samples taken every 30 minutes for 6 hours for blood glucose and insulin response. Pearson's correlation compared consumption time, insulin and glucose peak, and time to peak insulin and glucose. The pellet (P) elicited a lower (P = .01) glucose concentration at 2.5 hours than O. The pellet also elicited a lower (P = .03) insulin concentration at 5.5 hours than E and O. There were no differences (P > .05) in area under the curve (AUC) insulin, peak insulin, and time to peak insulin for the three treatments. Average insulin concentration was lower (P = .01) for P versus O. There were no differences (P > .05) in average insulin between P and E, nor between O and E. There were no differences (P > .05) in AUC and peak glucose concentration. Time to peak glucose was longer (P = .04) for P versus E. Average glucose concentration was lower (P = .02) for P versus O. Consumption time was longer (P = .03) for O versus P. There was a positive correlation between consumption time and time to peak insulin (r = 0.46, P = .029). Further research on feeding practices, feed forms, and consumption times that affect glycemic response is necessary.     

Effects of dietary fructo-oligosaccharide on villous height and disaccharidase activity of the small intestine,pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations in the large intestine of weaned pigs

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to investigate changes in the lumen and wall of the intestinal tract of weaned pigs caused by fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and consequences for growth. Twelve male pigs weaned at 24 days were individually housed and fed either control, 0.25% FOS, or 3% FOS diets for 21 days after weaning. The pH of chyme in the caecum and proximal colon were lower (p<0.001) in 3% FOS compared to other treatments. Mean molar proportions (%) of total SCFA values along the large intestine were significantly affected by FOS diet. Acetic acid was significantly higher in control compared with other treatments. Butyric acid and isobutyric acid were significantly increased in 0.25 and 3% FOS compared to the control. Feed intake, empty body weight gain, disaccharidase activities and villous height in the small intestine were not significantly affected by FOS. It was concluded that dietary FOS stimulates fermentation in the large intestine, but does not significantly affect enzyme activity, ammonia content, villous height and growth.     

猪鸡联养研究

研究表明笼养肉鸡的鸡粪中粗蛋白含量比平面养的高１６．４７个百分点，而粗纤维低９．１２个百分点。用鸡粪喂猪，其饲料报酬同加入鸡粪的比例呈正相关，如日粮中添加３０－６０％鸡粪，其饲料报酬提高１５．３２－５５．３２％；同样加入４０％鸡粪喂猪，鸡粪经发酵的饲料报酬又比不发酵的高９．６２％。为使育肥猪得到较好的增重，还应将日粮的营养水平调整到接近饲养标准，猪鸡联养规模，一个专业户一次批量以肉鸡１０００－１５００羽，联养生猪１０－２０头为宜。     

Lactation efficiency as a result of body composition dynamics and feed intake in sows

Through genetic selection and improvement of environment, litter size of sows increases. Increased energy requirement during lactation, increases the risk of excessive mobilization from body stores, with detrimental effects on reproductive performance. Feed intake capacity tends to decrease due to selection towards leaner pigs with a lower feed conversion ratio. However, to facilitate sows to wean large litters extra feed intake, or even better, a higher feed efficiency during lactation would be favourable. The objective of the present study was to describe the dynamics of body composition of sows and piglets during lactation, and to relate these traits to a newly introduced trait called “lactation efficiency”. Energy metabolism of lactating sows was described, based on on-farm observations of weight and backfat of sows before parturition and at weaning, weight of piglets at birth and at weaning and feed intake of sows during lactation. “Lactation efficiency” was defined as energy efficiency of sows, and calculated for individual sows at two different farms. The average lactation efficiency was 68% and 65% for both farms; meaning that 68 and 65% of the metabolisable energy through feed intake or mobilization from body stores, above maintenance of the sow (input), was used for piglet growth and piglet maintenance (output). The association between lactation efficiency and other reproductive traits was studied by estimating the correlations within farms. Sows with a higher lactation efficiency showed lower feed intake (r = − 0.27 and r = − 0.35 for both farms respectively) and smaller fat losses (r = − 0.34 and r = − 0.29, respectively). The energy output of efficient sows was slightly higher (r = 0.23 and r = 0.30). The more efficient sows were the better mothers, as mortality of their piglets was lower (r = − 0.12 and r = − 0.16), piglet growth rate was higher (r = 0.16 and r = 0.23), and at weaning their litters were less variable (r = − 0.08; only available at one farm). Results were remarkably similar for the two farms, despite different feeding strategies. Extra input, by means of feed intake or mobilization from body stores generated extra output by means of litter weight at weaning. This experiment demonstrated that an accurate recording of energy metabolism and relevant reproduction traits with little intervention is possible on commercial farms.     

两种生理调节剂对南阳牛增重和饲料利用率的影响

选择400kg左右的南阳牛48头随机等数分为组，在相同基础日粮条件下，试验1组和试验2组的日粮中分别添加5mg/kg克伦特罗和2mg/kgF89，对照组不添加，经过47d的育肥试验，克伦特罗和F89组育肥牛的日增重分为0.98和0.78kg，比对照组相应提高了53.1%和218%；饲料转化效率也提高了，料重比分别比对照组降低52.9%和22.4%。克伦特罗使育肥牛的血清生长激素水平上升，T4水平下降。     

神木县三元杂交肉牛肥育试验

以秦蒙二元杂交牛为对照组,丹秦蒙、利秦蒙和安秦蒙3个三元杂交肉牛分别为试验组,每组6头周岁左右阉牛进行为期100d的肥育对比试验,试验组平均日增重1341.10g、比对照组提高35.90%,精料增重比3.09、降低26.50%,千克增重效益4.78元、提高60.90%。试验组与对照组间各项指标的差异均达显著以上水平(P<0.05-0.001)。在肥育期增长率、饲料报酬和单位增重效益等重要指标上,均以安秦蒙组相对最高,因而红安格斯可做为当地肉牛三元杂交之首选终端父本。     

The Response of Cattle and Sheep to Feed Contaminated with Rodent Faeces

On farms where rats and mice are present, unprotected livestock feed may become contaminated with rodent faeces, thereby creating a possible source of infection for cattle and sheep. Livestock unable to avoid contaminated feed may choose to eat it entirely, reject it completely or attempt to reject faeces selectively while consuming some of the feed. Two experiments were conducted to investigate which of these three responses were demonstrated by livestock. Ten cattle and ten sheep were presented individually with three repeats of ten feed treatments. Treatments were based on two feed types (meal and pelleted compound), with three levels of contamination (none, 'low' and 'high'), from one of two rodent species (rat and mouse).Avoidance behaviour was greater for feed contaminated with rat faeces compared to feed contaminated with mouse faeces. At low levels of rat contamination there was evidence that livestock actively rejected faeces whilst consuming feed. At higher levels of contamination animals rejected faeces and feed. Livestock could not actively discriminate against mouse faeces and thus rejection of feed was used to avoid faeces ingestion.Despite rejection of contaminated feed and some discrimination against faeces, significant numbers of rodent faeces were ingested illustrating that livestock feeding behaviour cannot prevent ingestion of rodent faeces. Feed contaminated with rodent faeces therefore poses a significant risk of disease infection to livestock.