不同氮肥形态对李氏禾铬富集能力的影响

为了优化李氏禾（Leersia hexandra Swartz）铬修复时的施氮效率,通过盆栽试验,研究了5种氮肥形态（硝酸钙、尿素、氯化铵、硝酸铵、硫酸铵）对李氏禾铬修复性能、生长指标和根系指标的影响。结果表明：与对照（不施氮肥）相比,施加的5种形态氮肥均促进了李氏禾生长,提高了根系活力,改变了根系形态特征,有利于提高李氏禾铬含量、铬累积量、富集系数和土壤铬去除率。施加硫酸铵的李氏禾生物量和根平均直径最大,分别为对照的5.54倍和1.51倍,其根系活力比对照增加108%;施加硝酸铵的李氏禾总根表面积和总根体积最大,分别为对照的2.17倍和1.99倍（P<0.05）。相关性分析结果表明,李氏禾的生物量、根平均直径、总根表面积、总根体积和根系活力均与土壤铬修复效率有关。其中,施加硫酸铵处理的富集系数和土壤铬去除率最高,分别为对照的1.45倍和5.56倍。研究表明,施加硫酸铵比其他氮肥形态更有利于提高李氏禾铬污染土壤修复效率。     

吉林省土壤、饲料、猪体内镉、铬、汞、铅、砷含量及相关性分析

采用原子吸收法测定了吉林省东部山区(东区)、中部平原农业区(中区)、西部工业石油开采区(西区)猪体内、饲料及土壤中Cr、Pb、As、Hg、Cd 5种元素含量,探讨了三者的相关性.结果表明,(1)土壤中5种元素含量,西区>中区>东区;(2)饲料含量,Cr、Pb、As西区>中区和东区,其中Pb中区>东区;Cd、Hg相近;(3)猪体含量,Cr、Pb、As西区>中区>东区;Cd西区>东区>中区;Hg东区>西区>中区;(4)5种元素对3个区土壤、饲料、猪体组织均有不同程度污染,以西区最重.饲料吸收富集土壤中5种元素的作用显著,土壤与饲料间元素含量(除Cd外)均呈正相关(r>0.70);(5)猪体内元素含量随饲料含量增加而增加.有相当一部分肝、肾元素含量超出食品卫生标准.     

2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中重金属污染情况调查及风险评估

本试验旨在调查2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的污染情况,评估饲料原料的污染风险。试验收集烟台市莱阳、威海市文登、青岛市莱西、潍坊市诸城、日照市莒县、临沂市沂水、德州市夏津等地不同饲料生产厂家使用的8种饲料原料,包括玉米、豆粕、麸皮、花生粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、干酒糟及其可溶物( DDGS)和微量元素预混料,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法( ICP-AES)检测镉、铅和铬元素的含量,应用原子荧光光谱法( AFS)检测砷和汞元素的含量,计算检出率、平均含量、超标率、最高含量与平均含量比值( HC/AC)和离散系数。结果表明：饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的检出率分别为32.29%、7.29%、12.50%、100.00%和100.00%;阳性样品中平均含量分别为0.21、1.27、2.12、3.48和0.02 mg/kg,超标率分别为0.00、1.04%、1.19%、54.76%和9.52%;微量元素预混料中砷、铅和镉元素,棉籽粕中铬元素及花生粕中汞元素的HC/AC最大,微量元素预混料中镉元素、花生粕中汞元素、豆粕中砷元素及棉籽粕中铅和铬元素离散系数最大。综上所述,肉鸡饲料原料中铬和汞元素污染严重;微量元素预混料中砷、镉、铬和铅元素、棉籽粕中铬和铅元素、花生粕和豆粕中汞元素易出现严重污染,因此建议制定预混料和饼粕类饲料中多种重金属元素的限量标准。     

仔猪尿羟脯氨酸/肌酐(HP/Cr)比值在不同生长时期变化规律的研究

[目的]探讨青海互助八眉仔猪尿羟脯氨酸/肌酐(HP/Cr)比值在不同日龄的变化规律。[方法]对14头青海互助八眉仔猪尿羟脯氨酸(HP)含量、肌酐(Cr)含量和HP/Cr比值在不同生长时期的变化情况进行了研究。[结果]八眉仔猪尿HP含量从47日龄开始升高,在54日龄时达最高值[(44.85±6.45)μg/ml],而后逐渐降低。不同日龄间八眉仔猪尿HP/Cr比值变化显著,从47日龄开始其变化曲线大致呈先升后降的趋势,在54日龄左右达到峰值(73.52±35.83)。[结论]该研究对青海互助八眉仔猪品系作为种用猪进行早期选择具有参考价值。     

外源铬对两个豇豆品种苗期生长的影响

采用土培法,研究了不同浓度的外源铬(0、2、8、15、25 mg/kg)对2个豇豆品种幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:低浓度的外源铬(2 mg/kg)对2个豇豆品种幼苗的株高、地上部鲜重有显著促进作用;高浓度的外源铬(15 mg/kg)对2个品种幼苗的株高、主根长起显著或极显著的抑制作用,对特抗病高产四号的地上部鲜重、叶面积有极显著抑制作用.综合各项指标,特抗病高产四号比丰产一号对铬敏感.     

竹活性炭处理六价铬废水的试验研究

用竹子加工的下脚料制得的竹活性炭,对六价铬废水进行净化处理。结果表明,竹活性炭对六价铬废水处理效果良好,实验探讨了竹活性炭处理六价铬废水的一般规律及影响因素。     

Sorption of Cr(VI) on the wood of Japanese larch treated with concentrated sulfuric acid

A carbonaceous sorbent was prepared from the wood of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) by dehydration with concentrated sulfuric acid in a 69% yield. The abilities of the sorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions were investigated. Research parameters included the initial solution pH, temperature, and initial concentration of Cr(VI) in solution. The removal of Cr(VI) was highly solution pH dependent and was mainly governed by physicochemical sorption under weak acidic conditions. The equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir constants were calculated at different temperatures, and the sorption capacity increased with rising temperature, indicating the endothermic nature of the Cr(VI) sorption onto the sorbent. The desorption experiments suggest that the Cr(VI) sorption is generally irreversible, owing to strong interaction of HCrO ₄ ⁻ with the active sites of the sorbent.     

Chromium(Ⅵ) Reduction in Wheat Rhizosphere

Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ) were studied in a fresh wheat rhizosphere soil (Kuroboku, high humic andosol) pretreated with a basal fertilizer consisting of (NH4)2SO4, P2O5 and KH2PO4 and with K2Cr2O7 by using a rhizobox system. It was found that rhizosphere exerted a positive effect on Cr(Ⅵ) reduction.Part of the reason was the decrease of pH in the rhizosphere due to application of (NH4)2SO4, implying that application of physiologically acid fertilizers would reduce Cr(Ⅵ) toxicity to plants.     

Dichromate Digestion–Spectrophotometric Procedure for Determination of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon in Association with Fumigation–Extraction

A dichromate digestion and spectrophotometric procedure is proposed for estimating soil microbial biomass carbon (C) in association with fumigation–extraction. The recommended procedure uses a volume (1.6 ml) of 0.5 M potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) soil extracts and oxidant solution (dichromate–sulfuric acid, 2.4 mL), mixed with a volume (4 mL) for digestion at 140 °C for 30 min. The digested solution is then directly read for absorbance at 350 nm using a spectrophotometer, and the C in the digested soil extracts is measured against glucose standards. The K_EC (indicating the extractable part of microbial biomass C after fumigation) value is estimated as 0.33 for the proposed method. There are good correlations between soil microbial biomass C measured by the proposed method, the dichromate digestion titration, and oven oxidation by total organic C (TOC) analytical method. This method is a simple, rapid, and economical procedure associated with fumigation–extraction for biomass C analysis.     

重铬酸钾胁迫对植物根尖细胞的损伤

研究了重铬酸钾对植物根尖细胞的损伤。实验结果表明，重铬酸钾可以抑制植物幼苗的生长，引起植物根尖细胞ＤＮＡ的损伤和导致细胞的超微结构发生改变，此外，过氧化物酶同工酶谱的带型经重铬酸诱导后也呈现很大变化。以上诸变化与处理的重铬酸钾浓度和处理的时间长短密切相关。