落桦混交林幼龄期Ⅰ级木分布规律研究

利用３６块落叶松一样树混交林标准地调查资料，研究其幼龄期林分Ⅰ级木单位面积株数与林分密度之间的关系，结果表明：Ⅰ级木的株数并非随密度的增加而直线递增，而是趋向“二阶常数”分布，且在同一年龄阶段，在较低的密度范围（２３２５～４８００株／ｈｍ２）或较高的密度范围（４８０１～６７５０株／ｈｍ２）．Ⅰ级木的株数变动幅度不太大。     

Kan浓度对无菌苗生根影响的研究

在未加激素的MS培养基中添加不同浓度的Kan,研究其对桑树陕305无菌苗的生根抑制程度,确定转基因植株延迟筛选的适宜浓度。培养基中添加Kan6mg/L是延迟筛选的适宜浓度。     

用最大树种数测度森林群落树种丰富度

目的 试图给出确定森林群落树种丰富度的方法,解决物种丰富度测度问题,完善森林生物多样性研究的方法。 方法 采用Monod模型表达种-面积曲线,通过数学手段确定最小森林群落面积和最大树种数。 结果 用本研究提出的方法对不同气候带森林物种丰富度进行测算,结果表明：热带森林群落具有更高的最大树种数和更大的群落最小面积,物种丰富度随气候带由热带到寒温带逐渐减少。 结论 用最大树种数能够确切表达不同气候带森林群落树种丰富度,克服了现有研究中直接把不同大小调查面积上的树种数量视为树种丰富度的弊端。     

From alley cropping to rotational fallow: Farmers' involvement in the development of fallow management techniques in the humid forest zone of Cameroon

Alley cropping was introduced in the humid forest zone of Cameroon to increase soil fertility in 1987, but until 1992 the adoption rate had remained low. To better understand the reasons behind this, three types of on farm trials were established from fully researcher controlled to fully farmer controlled. During the evaluation of the technology with farmers a number of modifications were registered (1) Pruning height and frequency: Because of the difficulties to consistently cut back at 30 cm, farmers decided to slash at ground level as they normally do while slashing the natural fallow vegetation. This equally allowed for more flexibility in time of pruning. (2) Cropping intensity and pattern: Initially, alleys were cropped each year. This however had several shortcomings. Having observed the positive impact of incidental fallow period in a farmer's field, it was decided to introduce a fallow phase of at least one year. During the fallow period the plot can be used for fodder production, bee farming and production of stakes. (3) Residue management: Fire went incidentally in a farmer's tree plot after slashing, and the trees were not affected. This gave farmers an alternative way to manage the residue, by controlling the fire, before bringing in other crops such as groundnut and cassava. (4) Agroforestry species: Because Leucaena leucocephala, in spite of it soil fertility restoration potential, rapidly became a noxious weed, farmers have asked for a less invasive species. Calliandra calothyrsus was introduced for this purpose and became a good bee forage. With these modifications, the original alley cropping system has evolved into a rotational tree fallow with higher adoption potential. From about 15 farmers who were testing the technology in 1992, the number increased to 52 in 1996, 120 in 1997 and 236 in 1998. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Prediction of irrigation return flows through a hierarchical modeling approach

The quantity of water available for irrigation is getting scarce in many countries and it assumes great importance for assured crop production, especially in view of the erratic behavior of the monsoon. Thus, there is a pressing need to improve the water efficiency of irrigation systems. One-way of improving the efficiency of the irrigation system is reusing the return flow from the irrigation system. This task requires quantification of return flow, which still remains as a grey area in irrigation water management. The estimation of return flow from the irrigation system is usually obtained using thumb rules depending upon the site-specific conditions like command area conditions and soil properties. In this paper, a hierarchical modeling technique, namely, regression tree is developed for return flow estimation. Regression tree is built through binary recursive partitioning. The effective rainfall, inflow, consumptive water demand, and percolation loss are taken as predictor variables and return flow is treated as the target variable. The applicability of the hierarchical model is demonstrated through a case study of Periyar-Vaigai Irrigation System in Tamil Nadu, India. The model performance shows a good match between the simulated and the field measured return flow values. Results of statistical analysis indicated that the correlation coefficients are high for both single as well as double crop seasons.     

基于无人机LiDAR的杉木树冠上部外轮廓模拟与可视化研究

目的 基于无人机激光雷达（LiDAR）点云数据提取杉木树冠上部结构参数（树冠顶点、树高、冠幅和上部冠长）,并进行树冠上部外轮廓模拟与可视化,为树种识别提供树木冠形特征。 方法 利用LASTools开源工具从激光雷达点云数据生成无孔洞的冠层高度模型,使用LiDAR360软件,采用局部最大值法检测树冠顶点,基于CHM种子点对点云进行单木分割,并在ArcGIS下手动选取杉木单株点云样本,用Python编程对“欠分割”样本进行单木纯化（之后全部编程方式自动化处理）;提取纯化后单株样本的树冠上部结构参数（树冠顶点、树高、冠幅和上部冠长）,再对单木点云按照一定高度间隔进行分层切片,使用宽度百分位数法提取单木树冠上部的相对着枝深度、枝条长度作为模型变量,以相对着枝深度分层分别建模与验证样本按照3倍标准差法剔除异常外轮廓点,选取二次多项式、幂函数和指数函数3个基础模型进行模型拟合与验证,最后采用最优拟合模型进行样地尺度的三维可视化。 结果 无人机激光雷达综合单木检测率为79.63%,结合实测参数与提取结果进行相关分析,树高线性回归R2为0.890 5,冠幅线性回归R2为0.845 6;二次抛物线、幂函数和对数函数拟合R2分别为0.807 0、0.817 0、0.806 0,幂函数对杉木树冠上部外轮廓的拟合效果更优。 结论 在高林分密度条件下,单木点云的有效提取纯化对客观描绘树冠形状非常重要;基于无人机激光雷达拟合的杉木树冠上部外轮廓反映了杉木的树冠上部形态,可为杉木的树种识别提供参考。     

乙烯利与橡胶树排胶及死皮关系

系统介绍乙烯利刺激增产机理和乙烯利对橡胶树排胶负面效应。     

基于线性谱聚类的林地图像中枯死树监测

【目的】将基于线性谱聚类超像素的方法应用在森林病虫害防治领域,可智能监测无人机森林虫害图像中的枯死树,为森林有害生物的监测工作提供技术支撑。【方法】分别以湖北省受松材线虫与辽宁省受红脂大小蠹侵害的松林无人机图像为试验数据,首先使用线性谱聚类超像素分割算法将图像划分为多个超像素;然后基于枯死树木的颜色特征,初步提取可能为枯死树的超像素区域;最后基于枯死树木与其他干扰地物具有不同的纹理特征,计算超像素的区域密度和缝隙量,利用支持向量机对初步提取的超像素进行分类,从而检测出图像中的枯死树。【结果】基于线性谱聚类超像素和支持向量机的枯死树监测方法可有效排除与枯死树木颜色相近的其他干扰地物,较准确地提取出枯死树木。使用该方法与基于植被颜色指数的阈值分割方法、基于简单线性迭代聚类超像素和随机森林的方法,对35幅受灾松林无人机图像进行试验,并选用交并比、虚警率和漏检率3个评价指标对3种方法进行定量对比分析。结果表明,基于线性谱聚类超像素的方法监测出的枯死树区域最精确,其监测结果与人工检测结果的交并比均值大于58%,且虚警率和漏检率均优于另外2种方法。【结论】基于线性谱聚类超像素的枯死树监测方法能实现松林中枯死树的快速、准确检测及定位。     

Comparison and sensitivity of measurement techniques for spatial distribution of soil salinity

In Khorezm, a district of Uzbekistan situated in the Aral Sea Basin, soil salinization is an important driver of soil degradation in irrigated agriculture. The main objective of this study was to identify techniques that enable rapid estimation of soil salinity. Therefore, bulk electrical conductivity of the soil (EC_a-meas) was measured with three different devices (2P, 4P, and CM-138) and electrical conductivity of the soil paste (EC_p-meas) was measured with the so-called 2XP device. These measurements were compared with independent estimates of EC_a-calc and EC_p-calc based on laboratory measurements of the saturated extract, EC_e, of soil samples from the same sites. Soil salinity could be assessed satisfactorily with all four devices. EC_p-meas could be well reproduced by the 2XP device (R ² = 0.76), whereas EC_a-meas estimates using 2P, 4P, and CM-138 in the field were less accurate (R ² < 0.50). The sensitivity of all devices to the main ions Cl⁻ and Ca^{2 +} suggests that the measuring principles are similar for all instruments. The devices can therefore be used interchangeably. Field assessment of soil salinity was considerably enhanced by the use of CM-138, because large areas can be quickly assessed, which may be desirable in spite of the lower accuracy.     

诊断桑树黄化型萎缩病的新方法

本文探讨利用瑞氏染色法和旦尼氏染色法诊断桑树黄化型萎缩病的可能性。试验结果表明,用此方法,在病株枝条或主根的横切面上,韧皮部的病原寄生部位被染成兰色或青色,呈阳性反应,健株组织切片的韧皮部则不着色,呈阴性反应。可作为桑黄化型萎缩病病株的实验诊断手段。