Economic feasibility of growing capsicum crop under drip irrigation in West Bengal, India

Drip irrigation system has been one of the technical means to improve water use efficiency. In India, this system is gaining popularity among fruit growers and in water scarced area but a substantial area is being covered annually under vegetables crops. One of the major concerns raised by farmers about this system is its economic viability. In present study, the economic viability of drip irrigation system for growing capsicum crop based on discounted cash flow technique (Net present worth and Benefit cost ratio) was explored. Eight irrigation treatments were laid under drip with and without plastic mulch. The irrigation levels were taken as 1, 0.8 and 0.6 of the crop evapotranspiration. The pan evaporation method was used for estimation of reference evapotranspiration and Water Balance Approach was used for irrigation scheduling. The average amount of water supplied under treatment VD (100% irrigation requirement supplied with drip) was found to be 415 mm for whole growing season of the crop. Similarly the amount of water was found to be 332 mm and 249 mm for the treatment 0.8VD (80% irrigation requirement supplied with drip) and 0.6VD (60% irrigation requirement supplied with drip) respectively. Highest yield was recorded in case of treatment VD + PM (100% irrigation requirement supplied with drip plus plastic mulch) followed by VD. Yield under treatments 0.8VD, 0.6VD, 0.8VD + PM and 0.6VD + PM were significant while treatments VD, VF and VF + PM were at par with the treatment VD + PM. Net Present Worth (NPW) was found to be positive for all the treatments. The highest NPW was obtained under treatment VD as Rs. 309,734.90 and lowest was in case of 0.6VD + PM as Rs. 144,172.24. The yield per mm of water used was reported to be at higher side as 35 in both the treatments VD and VD + PM. But the yield per mm of water used was found to be lowest as 18.07 and 19 in case of VF and VF + PM respectively.     

干旱胁迫对两种辣椒叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

试验研究了干旱条件下鸡爪×吉林和正椒13号两种辣撤叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的变化.结果表明,干旱处理5 d导致叶片相对含水量(RWC)、相对电导率(REC)、净光合作用(Pn)和暗适应下PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降,其中对鸡爪×吉林影响大于正椒13号.干旱处理下两辣椒品种的气孔导度(Gs)下降,而水分利用效率(WUE)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和光呼吸速率/净光合速率(Pr/Pn)均明显增加,其中正椒13号上升幅度高于鸡爪×吉林,这可能是正椒13号比鸡爪×吉林更耐旱的原因.     

Combining Ability Analyses of Net Photosynthesis annuum Rate in Pepper （Capsicum annuum L.）

In perspective of breeding high-yield hybrid pepper varieties, combining ability analysis of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting in pepper was made with 15 cross combinations from 6 parents by （1/2） n （n- 1） diallel crosses. There are relatively large differences not only in general combining ability （GCA） effect among different parents and at different phases of flowering and fruit setting, but also in specific combining ability （SCA） effect among different hybrids. There are relatively large GCA effects in late parents but relatively less GCA effects in early parents. No obvious laws have been found in the relationship between SCA effects and maturity of hybrids. Variances of SCA are larger than those of GCA. Heritability is less but influence of environment is larger. Correlation analysis of combining ability between net photosynthesis rate and agronomic character or resistances to main diseases has showed that correlation coefficients of GCA are relatively large at the medium phase and the late phase of flowering and fruit setting. Net photosynthesis rate is more relative to leaf characters and fruit characters. Correlation coefficients of SCA are relatively large at the early phase and the late phase of flowering and fruit setting. Net photosynthesis rate is more relative to leaf characters and plant characters at the early phase but to plant characters and fruit characters at the late phase. Correlation coefficients of SCA between net photosynthesis rate and resistances to main diseases are larger than those of GCA. The combining abilities of net photosynthesis rate at different phases of flowering and fruit setting are positively correlated with those of yield per plant. The combining ability is an important parameter of breeding of high photosynthesis hybrid pepper varieties.     

甜(辣)椒花药培养胚状体诱导与植株再生

以10份不同基因型甜(辣)椒为试材进行花药培养,通过对基因型、取蕾时期、低温预处理、热激处理、碳源及外源激素浓度配比等因素的研究,建立有效的甜(辣)椒花药培养胚状体发生体系.结果表明:基因型是限制甜(辣)椒花药培养胚状体诱导的关键因素,不同品种间出胚率差异显著,其中品种003出胚率最高,为10.8%;处于盛花期的花蕾最适于甜(辣)椒花药培养;4℃低温预处理1-3 d有利于胚状体的诱导,以处理2 d的胚状体产率最高;以2%的麦芽糖代替3%的蔗糖能显著提高出胚率和子叶形胚的比率,筛选出适于甜(辣)椒花药培养胚状体诱导的最佳培养基为Ms+0.5 mg/L NAA+1.0 mg/L KT+2%麦芽糖,能有效地提高出胚率并促进植株冉牛;获得了6个基因型的子叶形胚和再生植株.     

辣椒CaCBF1A基因的克隆及非生物胁迫下表达分析

为揭示Ca CBF1A基因在辣椒抗逆机制中发挥的功能,对辣椒Ca CBF1A基因进行克隆与分析。以豫椒101为材料,根据参考基因组序列设计引物,通过PCR技术从辣椒基因组c DNA中获得CBF基因Ca CBF1A。经生物信息学分析,该基因具有一个完整的ORF(471 bp),编码156个氨基酸。Ca CBF1A编码的蛋白质包含保守的AP2 DNA结合域。对其亚细胞定位、跨膜结构进行分析,预测其定位在叶绿体中,存在跨膜结构。荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,低温、高温和盐胁迫均可诱导Ca CBF1A基因的表达,其表达量在迅速达到峰值后又降低,说明Ca CBF1A是一个逆境胁迫快速响应基因,推测其在辣椒抗逆机制中起着重要的作用。     

不同培养条件对循化线辣椒疫霉菌产孢量的影响

[目的]探讨不同培养条件对循化线辣椒疫霉病产孢量的影响。[方法]针对光照时数、pH、培养基以及温度对循化线辣椒疫霉菌分离培养过程中产孢量的影响进行了研究。[结果]循化线辣椒疫霉菌在24 h/天光照、pH为7.0、马铃薯培养基（PSA）和30℃条件下产孢量最大,其中pH、基础培养基和温度对产孢量影响较大。[结论]为循化线辣椒在自然界发病条件方面的研究奠定了基础。     

辣椒传入中国的途径与传播路径

通过考证认为,一年生辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)于16世纪80年代从日本传入中国,最早的传入点是浙江。以浙江为起点,向北、西、南3个方向传播。向北方向,经江苏传到山东,虽然江苏没有接受辣椒,但山东很快接受并把辣椒当作花椒的替代品,名称由番椒变成了秦椒;再以山东为中心,继续向河北、辽宁传播,东北的辣椒是闯关东的山东人传播的;向西传到了天津、山西、河南、北京、甘肃、内蒙古,形成华北传播路线。向西方向,从浙江沿长江西上,安徽、江西、湖北没有接受,但湖南很快接受了辣椒,并以湖南为中心,向贵州、四川、云南、广东、广西、陕西等地传播,形成影响最大的长江传播路线,新疆的辣椒是在左宗棠收复新疆时由湖南军人传过去的。向南传播的速度非常缓慢,传到江西、福建的时间都较晚。从荷兰传入台湾的灌木辣椒(Capsicum frutescens L.)和从印度尼西亚雅加达传入台湾的中国辣椒(Capsicum chinense Jacq.),经福建传到海南和云南。     

不同药剂防治黄灯笼辣椒桃蚜的药效试验

试验了10种不同浓度的农药防治黄灯笼辣椒桃蚜的效果。结果表明,25％蚜剑乳油（EC）、30％触击溃EC、90％快灵可溶性粉剂（WP）、1．8％阿维吡虫啉WP、5％阿达克WP、1．8％阿维菌素EC、40％乐斯本EC、3％啶虫眯EC、10％吡虫啉WP等药剂可有效防治黄灯笼辣椒桃蚜,且持效期长达10d以上,在实际生产中,可轮换使用。     

不同辣椒变种的核型观察

对5个辣椒栽培变种进行核型观察分析,初步认为它们的核型公式是:灯笼椒为2n=24=18m+4Sm+2Sm(SAT);簇生椒、樱桃椒、圆锥椒为2n=24=20m+2Sm+2Sm(sAT);长椒为2n=24=20m+2Sm+2St(SAT)。按照 Stebbins 的核型不对称性分类,簇生椒、樱桃椒、圆锥椒及长椒皆属于2A 型,灯笼椒则属于2B 型。由此认为,从进化趋势及亲缘关系看,灯笼椒为最进化或特化的类型,其余4种则为相对原始的类型,且依次为簇生椒、樱桃椒、长椒、圆锥椒。     

响应面优化小米辣椒烫漂工艺研究

[目的]为改善小米辣椒泡制品质,优化小米辣椒漂烫工艺.[方法]采用烫漂处理对新鲜小米辣椒多酚氧化酶进行钝化,通过单因素试验考察烫漂温度、烫漂时间以及液料比3个主要因素对小米辣椒多酚氧化酶相对酶活和硬度的影响.在此基础上设计响应面试验优化漂烫工艺.[结果]通过分析得出小米辣椒漂烫最佳工艺:烫漂温度87.94℃、烫漂时间43.99 s和液料比3.5∶1 ml/g时,可以在保证较高硬度(61.76 N)的基础上使多酚氧化酶活性降低80.62％.[结论]研究建立了小米辣椒烫漂工艺的回归模型,可为小米辣椒的深加工提供一定的参考依据.