太阳能在智能生态农业中的应用

针对太阳能养殖、太阳能干燥、薄膜太阳能农业大棚、太阳能灌溉及太阳能杀虫灯等5个太阳能的利用技术进行了论述,并将太阳能技术与传统技术进行了比较,分析了各项技术的优缺点,探索了太阳能在农业生产方面进行利用的前景.     

24月龄生长母水牛绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对24月龄母水牛绝食产热(Fasting heat production,FHP)进行研究。结果表明:①24月龄母水牛FHP为306.013kJ/kgW0.75·d;每天排出内源尿氮(EUN)为39.66g;单位代谢体重每天排出EUN为0.48g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量为17.13%;EUN与FHP比值为1.60mg/kJ。②24月龄母水牛维持净能需要:NEm=397.817kJ/W0.75·d。     

Estimation of daily and total lactation milk yield of Chios ewes from single morning or evening records

Linear models were developed and evaluated for the estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield of dairy sheep from single morning (am) or evening (pm) milking records. A total of 22,908 individual test-day milk records of 5110 ewes of the Chios breed, raised in 46 flocks, were used. Depending on the model, different daily milk yield estimates were derived for each ewe, accounting for lactation number, stage of lactation, season of previous lambing and interval between successive milkings. Daily milk yield was also estimated from doubling the single am or pm record. Actual and estimated yields were compared using root mean square errors (RMSEs), mean absolute differences, an accuracy parameter defined as the ratio of the actual yield variance over the sum of the variances of actual yield and absolute difference, and the product moment correlation between estimated and actual yield. Results were validated on independent datasets. Linear models resulted in less biased and more accurate estimates of the daily milk yield than simply doubling the am or pm record. Root mean square errors decreased by 7-37% and the mean absolute difference was reduced by 1-4% of the average daily yield. Higher accuracy and correlation were obtained from linear model application than doubling. Total lactation milk yield was predicted based on actual daily yield and compared to predictions based on estimated daily yield from am or pm records, as well as directly on single milking records. Root mean square errors obtained when daily yield had been estimated with linear models were 26-35% lower compared to doubling the am or pm yield and 0-13% lower compared to estimating the total lactation yield directly from single milking records. Linear model application also resulted in lower mean absolute difference and higher accuracy and correlation than doubling the am or pm record. Recording the yield of a single milking (am or pm) instead of both can benefit milk recording by reducing its cost and increasing farmer participation. In this context, linear models developed in the present study can be used for the accurate estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield from single milking records.     

内蒙古地区暖棚养羊的必要性和太阳能采暖的应用

内蒙古大部分地区的严寒季节长达6~7个月,受寒冷气候条件的影响,散养羊生长缓慢,饲料消耗量增加,掉膘现象严重,产羔率和羔羊成活率也受到严重影响,大大降低了养羊的经济效益。建筑暖棚不仅能提供充足的热能,还可防止羊只掉膘。但是,常用的取暖方式以燃烧木材、煤或羊粪砖为主,存在着污染环境的隐患,并会受资源短缺的限制。太阳能作为一种新能源,是人类可以利用的最丰富的能源,可以就地开发利用,不存在运输问题,是一种洁净的能源,不会造成污染和公害。因此,利用太阳能采暖和暖棚养羊能够推动畜牧业向健康、高效、资源节约的合理方向发展。     

不同温度处理对日光温室甜樱桃萌芽速率和开花物候期的需热量研究

研究了不同温度处理(27-30℃、25-27℃、23-25℃、21-23℃)日光温室甜樱桃吐绿期、初花期、盛花期的需热量值,以生长度小时模型估算分别为2318-2375 GDH℃、6098-6618 GDH℃、6521-7008 GDH℃,以有效积温模型估算分别为59-66 D℃、137-173 D℃、145-181 D℃。明确了处理温度越低,甜樱桃不同发育期所需天数越长(14d、14d、15d、16d,34d、38d、49d、49d,38d、42d、51d、54d),原因是需热量积累速度慢和低温阴、雪天气叠加所致,而后者是起主要作用。初花期前低温处理(室内0-7.2℃)可提高花期开花的整齐度。#$NL     

移动式太阳能牦牛乳产地保鲜贮藏设备的研究与设计

[目的]针对当前高原散养牦牛因缺乏电源、处理技术和装备,无法实现生鲜牦牛乳产地保鲜贮藏而造成浪费的问题。[方法]对牦牛乳热处理工艺进行研究,通过成本效益分析后,采用加热到60 ℃以上、保持30 min的巴氏高温杀菌工艺,研究了供电系统、杀菌保鲜系统以及辅助系统等。[结果]最终集成设计出加工鲜牦牛乳量达40 L/d的移动式太阳能牦牛乳产地保鲜贮藏设备。[结论]该设备能够延长牦牛乳保鲜时间,减少因不能及时产地保鲜牦牛乳造成变质损失,同时可提高牦牛乳商品转化率,促进藏区畜牧业生产效益提升。     

不同灌水量对日光温室番茄产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响

通过温室膜下滴灌试验,研究了不同灌水量对番茄产量、品质和水分利用率的影响。结果表明:灌水量对番茄产量和果实品质有显著的影响。灌水量为375mm的处理产量达到138108kg/hm~2,比对照增产74.96%,达到极显著水平,水分利用率为1.60kg/m~3;降低灌水量可提高果实中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和维生素C等可溶物的含量。     

24％甲萘威·吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂对稻飞虱的控制作用

2009—2010年在广州番禺进行24%甲萘威·吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂防治水稻稻飞虱田间药效试验,结果表明,24%甲萘威·吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂制剂每667 m2用量110、140、170 g处理对水稻稻飞虱速效性差,但持效期长,具有较好的防治效果;药后1、3、7 d,3个剂量处理对稻飞虱连续两年的防治效果分别为64%～71%、75%～84%和80%～95%,能有效控制稻飞虱的危害。生产上,推荐24%甲萘威·吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂防治稻飞虱的制剂用量为每667 m2用110～140 g。     

不同整形方式对酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒品质差异研究

目的研究油菜素内酯处理对葡萄成熟及着色过程中果实品质的影响。方法以酿酒葡萄蛇龙珠(Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Gernischet)为试验材料,分别采用质量浓度为0.1、0.4和0.8 mg/L 的24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)在葡萄转色之前进行喷洒果穗处理,以0.1%的乙醇和0.1%的吐温−80水溶液处理为对照(CK),并从处理开始时每隔14 d取样,测定果粒6个主要品质指标。结果与对照相比,EBR处理可显著提高成熟葡萄浆果中的还原糖、可溶性固形物以及浆果果皮中的总花色苷、总酚以及单宁的含量(P＜0.05),而显著降低了可滴定酸含量(P＜0.05)。结论3个不同质量浓度EBR处理明显促进了蛇龙珠葡萄果实的成熟,对蛇龙珠葡萄果实品质起着积极的影响,其中0.4 mg/L的EBR处理效果最明显。