海南橡胶树炭疽菌Colletotrichum siamense和C. fructicola的鉴定及系统发育分析

橡胶树炭疽病是橡胶树上一种重要叶部病害,胶孢炭疽菌复合群为我国橡胶树炭疽病的重要病原菌,但至今未知具体是由复合群下哪些种引起。为了对前期已经确定为属于胶孢炭疽菌复合群的来自海南13株胶孢炭疽菌进行进一步种属鉴定,本研究继续克隆了供试菌株的Ap Mat和GS 2个基因,并分别采用Ap MAT单基因、GS/Ap MAT双基因和采用ITS/CHS-1/GAPDH/ACT/GS/Ap MAT 6个基因的多基因拼接序列分别进行分析。结果表明:无论是采用Ap Mat单基因、GS/Ap Mat双基因还是6基因拼接序列,都能将供试的13株炭疽菌分属胶孢炭疽菌复合群下的C.siamense和C.fructicola 2个种。该结果说明危害海南橡胶树炭疽病的胶孢炭疽菌复合群主要有C.siamense和C.fructicola 2个种,同时也说明了利用Ap MAT基因和GS/Ap MAT双基因能对胶孢炭疽菌复合群下的种进行鉴定。      

Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships based on RAPD analysis in section Caulorrhizae, genus Arachis (Leguminosae)

Wild Arachis germplasm includes potential forage species, such as the rhizomatous Arachis glabrata and the stoloniferous A. pinto and A. repens. Commercial cultivars of A. pintoi have already been released in Australia and in several Latin American countries, and most of these cultivars were derived from a single accession of A. pintoi (GK 12787). Arachis repens is less productive as a forage plant than is A. pintoi. However, it can be crossed with A. pintoi, and thus has good potential as germplasm for the improvement of A. pintoi. Arachis repens is also used as an ornamental plant and ground cover. Many new accessions of these two stoloniferous species are now available, and they harbor significant genetic variability beyond that available in the few older accessions, previously available. Therefore, these new accessions need to be conserved, documented and considered in terms of their potential for crop improvement and direct commercial use. Sixty-four accessions of this new germplasm were analyzed using RAPD analysis. Most of the accessions of A. repens grouped together into a clearly distinct group. In general, the accessions from the distinct valleys of the Jequitinhonha, São Francisco and Paranã rivers did not group together, suggesting there is not a tight relation between dispersion by rivers and the geographic distribution of genetic variation in these species.     

Molecular phylogeny of three subfamilies of the Neanuridae (Insecta, Collembola) and the position of the antarctic species Friesea grisea Schäffer.

The nuclear 28S rRNA and the mitochondrial COII gene were used to establish phylogenetic relationships among species of the family Neanuridae, with special emphasis on species of the subfamily Neanurinae. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using genetic distances, parsimony and likelihood methods. The D3-D5 fragment of the rRNA gene was very conserved, both in sequence and in secondary structure features. This fragment supplied little information on relationships at this level. The phylogenetic reconstruction based on 1st and 2nd codon positions of the COII gene was partly in accordance with morphological data, but it was discordant for the placement of some species. Relationships among the subfamilies Frieseinae, represented by the Antarctic species Friesea grisea, Pseudachorutinae and Neanurinae were uncertain. The subfamily Neanurinae and its tribes Neanurini and Paleonurini were shown as monophyletic taxa. Relationships between three species of the genus Bilobella were in accordance with morphological and biochemical data. Relationships between genera within the Neanurini were more controversial. In accordance with morphological hypotheses, a basal position of Thaumanura was suggested, but the molecular data placed Neanura muscorum in a derived position, in sharp contrast with morphological evidence. A close relationship was suggested between Deutonura conjuncta, Cansilianura malatestai and Lathriopyga longiseta. The disagreement between molecular and morphological data suggests that one or both data sets might be affected by a certain degree of homoplasy and that these data should be interpreted with caution in phylogenetic reconstructions.     

Phylogenetic and Pathotypic Analysis of Rice Bacterial Blight Race 3

Eight Philippine races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae have been identified based on virulence phenotypes observed on a set of five differential varieties. One of these, Race 3, was found to consist of two phylogenetically distinct lineages based on DNA fingerprinting analysis. To determine, if the two lineages could be differentiated based on host-specificity, 186 strains of Race 3 were analyzed with additional fingerprints and 76 selected isolates with additional differential rice varieties. The strains were separated into 36 haplotypes clustering in three groups (IS1113-B, -C, and -G) at the 75% similarity level. Isolates varied in their reaction to a rice line carrying the resistance gene Xa7, however, the variability was not consistent within lineage. Aggressiveness of isolates belonging to lineage IS1113-B and -G was significantly greater when tested during the dry season than when tested during the wet season. However, no such differences were evident for isolates from lineage IS1113-C, indicating that environmental effects presumably light and temperature are genotype-specific.     

云南三种野生稻遗传多样性和系统进化研究

采用ISSR标记,对云南三种野生稻遗传多样性进行研究,并以竹类、栽培稻粳稻02428和籼稻金刚30以及非洲长雄野生稻为对照进行聚类分析,探讨云南三种野生稻遗传进化方向。结果表明,33条ISSR引物,在所有的材料中总共扩增出464个等位基因,平均每条引物扩增出多态性条带14.1条;从总体水平上看,云南三种野生稻具有丰富的遗传多样性,三种野生稻的多态位点数NP、多态位点百分率p、有效等位基因数Na、观察等位基因数Ne、Nei基因多样性指数H和香农指数I分别为357、76.74%、1.7694±0.4217、1.3391±0.3637、0.2037±0.1851和0.3180±0.2532;三种野生稻品种间基因分化系数Gst为0.5194,品种间的基因流Nm为0.4627,说明三种野生稻之间基因交流水平低,品种间存在较大的遗传分化。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在三种野生稻的进化过程中,疣粒野生稻分化最早,其次为药用野生稻,普通野生稻分化最晚。     

星天牛转录组及三大解毒酶家族相关基因系统发育分析

【目的】研究星天牛转录组信息及体内细胞色素P450单加氧酶(cytochrome P450 monooxygenase,CYP)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)三大解毒酶系的表达谱情况,通过构建系统进化树,探析其这3种酶系基因家族的类别及其系统演化关系,为星天牛对多寄主种类的适应性与杀虫剂的抗药性机制研究提供依据。【方法】采用新一代高通量测序技术Illumina HiSeq TM 2500 对星天牛进行转录组测序与数据分析,通过数据筛选并进一步与鞘翅目近缘物种的解毒酶同源蛋白进行系统发育分析。【结果】经测序、序列拼接得到55 260条unigenes,将其与公共数据库进行同源比对,注释了32 247条unigenes,在Swiss-Prot数据库注释的unigenes的数量最多(99.11%);注释到Nr数据库时与赤拟谷盗的unigenes同源性最高(60.25%);在GO数据库中,共有8 083个unigenes被成功注释,根据其功能大致可分为3 类47 亚类;在KEGG数据库中,4 600 条unigenes与162个预测路径可以匹配。通过基因注释发现248条解毒酶系基因在星天牛体内表达,包括139条CYP基因、72条CarE基因、37条GST基因。系统发育分析发现,星天牛的大部分CYP基因都至少与一种鞘翅目近缘物种的CYP基因聚类在一起,P450基因中的CYP6家族数量与其他近缘物种(鞘翅目)类似,包含的基因数量最多;CarE解毒酶蛋白基因主要为β-酯酶、神经趋化蛋白、外源性代谢酶、未知等4种类型,分别可能参与星天牛的一些激素以及信息素的加工、神经和发育过程、消化与解毒等生理过程;星天牛的GST基因聚类主要包含Microsomal GST、Sigma GST、Omega GST、Delta GST、Theta GST等亚家族,具有保护生物大分子免受氧化损伤、催化活力等功能。【结论】本研究获得星天牛的转录组信息,初步探明星天牛体内三大解毒酶系的表达谱及分化情况,可为星天牛对多寄主种类的适应性与杀虫剂抗药性的产生及遗传机制研究提供基础数据和参考。     

荞麦不同种间BW10KD过敏蛋白基因序列比较

荞麦过敏蛋白(BW10KD)与变应原病人的血清免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin E,IgE)有强烈反应.通过对属于8个养麦种和1个变种的58个收集系中的BW10KD过敏蛋白基因保守片段进行差异分析与系统进化关系研究,为探讨BW10KD基因的结构功能及其在不同种间的进化奠定了基础,并为发生在物种基因DNA水平的微尺度的变异与进化研究中提供新的分析方法.用设计的特异引物进行扩增,所得序列与已报道过敏蛋白编码基因序列相似性达99％.各收集系间进行序列比对,得到307个排列位点(不含缺失位点),其中单型不变位点150个,多态位点S为157个(含简约信息位点数101个和单型可变位点56个).整个序列突变位点Eta为201个.选择特定分类群内变异小、分类群间变异大的19个位点进行系统聚类分析得到清晰的种系关系图.金荞、细柄野荞、硬枝万年荞聚在一起,暗示其具有较保守的BW10KD过敏蛋白基因序列;栽培甜荞与野甜荞亲缘关系近,其次与左贡野荞较近缘;毛野荞与大野荞彼此较近缘;栽培苦荞与野苦荞亲缘关系最近,与毛野荞和大野荞亲缘关系次之.     

基于Cyt b基因序列变异探讨鲱形目系统发育关系

鲱形目内科间分类关系一直以来存在较多争议,为探讨鲱形目系统发育关系,对黄鲫、凤鲚的线粒体Cyt b基因全序列进行扩增、克隆及测序,得到1 141 bp序列。结合Genbank中已发布的鲱形目鱼类Cyt b基因全长序列利用生物信息学软件进行比较分析后,共检测到553个变异位点,总变异为48.5%,其中含504个简约信息位点,未见序列插入或缺失。碱基的替换多在密码子第三位,序列中转换多于颠换,Ts/Tv为2.448,基因突变未达到饱和。基于K2P模型计算的遗传距离表明,宝刀鱼科同鲱科及鳀科的科间遗传距离（0.042~0.072）小于鲱科内属间遗传距离（0.065~0.106）。在以南美肺鱼为外群构建的NJ分子系统树中,齿头鲱科最先分化,是鲱形目中原始类群;鳓属、多齿鳓属独立聚为一支,且具较高的自举检验值,支持将其归入锯腹鳓科;宝刀鱼科并入到鲱科一支中去,与鲱科亲缘关系更近。     

皖北黄牛MHC基因遗传多样性及分子系统关系

[目的]研究皖北黄牛品种的遗传多样性、亲缘关系及起源进化。[方法]采集50个皖北黄牛和14个地方黄牛品种的血样,根据黄牛MHC基因序列设计1对引物,进行PCR扩增。对50个皖北黄牛个体和14个地方黄牛品种个体的MHC基因进行序列比对分析,检测MHC单倍型及核苷酸多态性指标,并构建分子系统发育树。[结果]共检测到7种MHC基因单倍型,核苷酸多态位点24个,占分析位点的7.86%,包括18个转换,1个颠换,5个转换/颠换。皖北黄牛品种单倍型间的序列差异在0.26%4.53%之间,单倍型多样度（H）为0.6020.617,核苷酸多样度（π）为0.0120.019。[结论]皖北黄牛的遗传多样性不丰富,与鲁西黄牛具有较近的亲缘关系,二者聚为姐妹群。 更多还原     

线粒体DNA在昆虫系统学研究中的应用

综述了 mt DNA的组成和各部分的进化特点 ,以及它们用于昆虫系统学研究的优点。mt DNA进化快的 CO ～ CO 、ND5和 A+T- rich区部分适合亲缘关系较近类群的系统学研究 ,进化慢的 12 s r DNA、16 s r D-NA和 ND1、ND2部分适合亲缘关系较远类群的系统学研究。并对 m t DNA在昆虫系统学研究中的应用前景作了展望 ,提出了存在的问题