中国近海习见头足类DNA条形码及其分子系统进化

应用DNA条形码通用引物扩增了11种中国近海习见头足类(Cephalopoda)共计97个个体的线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I(Cytochrome Coxidase I,COI)基因片段,与GenBank收录的19种95条头足类同源序列进行比对.结果表明,头足类COI基因存在碱基插人缺失现象,杜氏枪乌贼(Uroteuthis duvauceli)插人缺失位点数多达33个;碱基组成偏倚明显,A+T含量(66.70%)显著高子G+C(33.30%)含量.基于Kimura双参数模型计算,29个物种的种内平均遗传距离为0.0072,种间平均遗传距离(0.20-2 4)是种内遗传距离的28.11倍.针对剑尖枪乌贼(Loligo edulis,Uroteuthis edulis,Photololigo edulis)分类和命名的分歧,DNA条形码分类结果显示,该物种与枪乌贼属(Loligo)和尾枪乌贼属(Uroteuthis)的COI基因同源性较低,不支持将其划归到Lolig.或Uroteuthis.近爱尔斗蛸属(Pareledone)6个代表物种的种间遗传距离较小(0.0120-0.0385),对于此类变异程度较低的物种,DNA条形码仍可准确区分,但其种间遗传距离的阈值尚待深人探讨.系统发育树的聚类分析结果表明,COI基因在种、属水平的分类鉴定及其系统进化关系与传统方法所得结果一致性较高,分别为100%,91.67%;科、目水平的一致性略低,分别为80%和66.67%.可见,线粒体COI基因作为头足类DNA条形码在物种鉴定中适用性较高,亦适用于种属水平的系统进化分析,是形态学分类系统的必要补充和佐证.     

鳀科鱼类线粒体全基因组序列结构特征及系统发育信息分析

为了解鳀科鱼类的线粒体全基因组序列结构特征及系统发育信息,以期为进化遗传学研究和分子标记的选取提供参考依据,对已知的10种鳀科鱼类的线粒体全基因组进行分析。结果显示:1)鳀科线粒体基因组全序列长度在16 660 bp到17 069 bp之间,基因组的结构和基因排列顺序与其它硬骨鱼类一致。2)比对后获得一致序列长度为15 704 bp(不含D-loop),其中变异位点5 570个,占所有位点数的35.5%。在编码基因中,序列变异程度和Kimura双参数遗传距离最大的是ND6基因(分别是47.5%和0.276),最小的是tRNA拼接序列(分别为18.7%和0.072)。3)基于Ka-Ks的Z检验和Tajima’s D检验表明蛋白质编码基因主要受到净化选择(即负选择,purifying selection)的作用;其中12个蛋白质编码基因(ND6除外)有强烈的净化选择(Ka/Ks<1),而ND6基因受正选择(positive selection)影响较大(Ka/Ks>1)。4)ND4、ND2和Cytb是进行鳀科鱼类系统发育分析的较为理想的分子标记。     

贝类分子系统发生的研究进展

系统发生(phylogeny)分析是系统学研究的热点。形态学性状从17世纪起就被应用于解决系统发生问题,并一直是重建地球上绝大多数物种间亲缘关系的唯一依据。而系统发生学研究的中心任务是将从共同祖先遗传下来的同源性(homology)和由于趋同进化从不同祖先演变而来的相似性(analog     

山羊mtDNA多态性及其遗传结构的研究*

 对中国6个山羊品种（辽宁绒山羊,内蒙古绒山羊,西藏山羊,中卫山羊,济宁青山羊和龙陵山羊）的52个样本进行mtDNA的D-Loop区的全序列测定,用来研究中国山羊品种的线粒体DNA遗传多态性及系统发育。用NJ法构建单倍型系统发育树,结果发现6个山羊品种的线粒体DNA控制区聚类后得到了4个很明显的分支,即单倍型A,B,C,D.品种间遗传结构分析发现内蒙古绒山羊、辽宁绒山羊两个绒山羊品种与西藏山羊、中卫山羊3个可产绒的山羊品种聚在一起,接着与产羔皮的济宁青山羊聚在一起,最后与产肉性能强的龙陵山羊聚在一起。     

A new Fusarium lineage within the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex is the main causal agent of mango malformation disease in Brazil

Mango malformation is a serious disease in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and has been attributed to various Fusarium spp., including F. mangiferae , F. proliferatum , F. sacchari , F. sterilihyphosum and F. subglutinans . Isolates of Fusarium associated with mango malformation from Brazil, Egypt, India, South Africa and the United States were evaluated through amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and partial DNA sequences of the genes encoding β-tubulin ( tub2 ) and translation elongation factor 1-α ( tef1 ). These techniques were used to delimit species and to estimate the genetic and phylogenetic relatedness of the isolates. In the AFLP analysis, most of the Brazilian isolates formed a unique cluster. Additionally, one small cluster was formed by isolates of F. sterilihyphosum from Brazil and South Africa, and another by isolates of F. mangiferae from Egypt, India, South Africa and the United States. In the phylogenetic analysis, most of the Brazilian isolates represented a new phylogenetic lineage in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, where they formed a sister clade to F. sterilihyphosum. Representatives of both clades were pathogenic to mango (cv. Tommy Atkins) and Koch's postulates were completed for isolates belonging to the new lineage and to F. sterilihyphosum . Thus, most of the mango malformation disease in Brazil is due to a distinct phylogenetic lineage of Fusarium , and to a lesser extent by F. sterilihyphosum. The new phylogenetic lineage identified in this study, together with F. mangiferae and F. sterilihyphosum , are the only known taxa of Fusarium proven to be capable of causing mango malformation.     

A new root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne silvestris n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), parasitizing European holly in northern Spain

High infection rates of European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) feeder roots by an unknown root-knot nematode were found in a holly forest at Arévalo de la Sierra (Soria province) in northern Spain. Holly trees infected by the root-knot nematode showed some decline and low growth. Infected feeder roots were distorted and showed numerous root galls of large (8–10 mm) to moderate (2–3 mm) size. Morphometry, esterase and malate dehydrogenase electrophoretic phenotypes and phylogenetic trees of sequences within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) demonstrated that this nematode species differs clearly from other previously described root-knot nematodes. Studies of host-parasite relationships showed a typical susceptible reaction in naturally infected European holly plants, but did not reproduce on a number of cultivated plants, including tomato, grapevine, princess-tree and olive. The species is described here, illustrated and named as Meloidogyne silvestris n. sp. The new root-knot nematode can be morphologically distinguished from other Meloidogyne spp. by: (i) roundish perineal pattern, dorsal arch low, with fine, sinuous cuticle striae, lateral fields faintly visible; (ii) female excretory pore level with stylet knobs, or just anterior to them, EP/ST ratio about 0·8; (iii) second-stage juveniles with hemizonid located 1 to 2 annuli anterior to excretory pore and short, sub-digitate tail; and (iv) males with lateral fields composed of four incisures, with areolated outer bands. Phylogenetic trees derived from maximum parsimony analysis based on 18S, ITS1-5·8S-ITS2 and D2–D3 of 28S rDNA showed that M. silvestris n. sp. can be differentiated from all described root-knot nematode species, and it is clearly separated from other species with resemblance in morphology, such as M. ardenensis , M. dunensis and M. lusitanica .     

Studies on the host range of the barley strain of Wheat dwarf virus using an agroinfectious viral clone

Comparative analysis of the host ranges of the barley and wheat strains of Wheat dwarf virus (WDV; family Geminiviridae ; genus Mastrevirus ) in Europe has been severely hampered by the lack of an infectious clone of the barley strain. To remedy this situation an agroinfectious clone of a Hungarian isolate of the barley strain (WDV-Bar[HU]) was constructed and its virulence tested in barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), rye ( Secale cereale ) and oat ( Avena sativa ) by agroinoculation. Although all four species could be systemically infected by the isolate, infections were asymptomatic in the rye and oat cultivars tested. WDV-Bar[HU] induced chlorosis and stunting symptoms typical of WDV in barley, while in wheat low infection rates but high mortality of infected seedlings were observed. In contrast, a much higher percentage of wheat plants agroinoculated with a wheat-strain isolate (WDV-[Enk1]) became systemically infected. WDV-[Enk1] in wheat caused symptoms similar to those caused by WDV-Bar[HU] in barley. WDV-Bar[HU] was leafhopper-transmissible to barley seedlings, in which it caused typical WDV symptoms; geminate virus particles were isolated from the infected leaves. Comparison of the genomic sequences of 11 barley strain isolates from Europe and Turkey revealed that whereas WDV-Bar[HU] represents a typical barley-strain isolate that is not detectably recombinant, the Turkish barley isolate (WDV-Bar[TR]) is probably a recombinant between a barley-strain isolate and an as-yet-undescribed WDV-like mastrevirus species.     

利用RAPD进行茶组植物遗传多样性和分子系统学分析

对张宏达系统山茶属茶组植物24种、变种的遗传多样性和分子系统学进行了RAPD分析。从冬梢中获得了高质量和高得率的基因组DNA, A260/A280平均为1.71,平均得率为331μg/g鲜重。从Operon技术公司的61个十聚体随机引物中筛选出15个用于茶组植物的RAPD扩增,在所扩增得到的107条可重现谱带中(平均7.1条/引物)有102条(平均6.8条/引物)是多态的,多态性程度是95.3%。每个引物扩增的谱带数在211条之间,相对多态性频度在0.04—0.96之间,不过总平均多态性频度只有0.30,     

林木分子标记研究进展

分子标记技术大大促进了林木有关研究的发展,林木分子标记研究主要包括林木遗传连锁图谱构建,比较基因组研究,数量性状位点定位,标记辅助选择,系统演化及群体遗传变异和多样性等内容。迄今,已有近２０个树种构建了基因组遗传连锁图谱,少数树种还进行了基因研究。