长期不同施肥下太湖地区稻田净温室效应和温室气体排放强度的变化

利用田间观测和模型预测方法对太湖地区一个长期不同施肥处理的稻田生态系统进行了稻季温室气体排放观测和净温室气体排放强度分析。结果表明,不同施肥管理下,稻田土壤有机碳含量不同程度提高,有机无机肥料配施较单施化肥处理显著提高有机碳库储量,并且秸秆处理略高于猪粪处理。与不施肥处理相比,长期施用肥料显著提高了稻田生态系统CH4和CO2的排放量,有机肥料与化肥配施较单纯施用化学肥料下土壤碳（CO2和CH4）排放增加,但化肥配施秸秆与化肥配施猪粪下稻田生态系统CH4和CO2的排放没有显著差异。不同施肥处理下,稻田生态系统净温室效应表现为CFM≈CFS〉CF〉NF,但水稻生产的净温室气体排放强度并没有显著性差异。因此,在提高水稻产量的同时,有机无机配合施肥并没有提高净温室气体的排放强度。     

中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究

为了评估中国畜禽粪便资源总量及其对环境的影响,以环保部、统计局和农业部发布的区域畜禽产排污系数为基础,利用2010年的统计数据,研究了中国及各省的畜禽粪便资源总量、能源潜力及农地的氮磷负荷,并以欧盟的农地氮磷施用标准对中国畜禽养殖的环境容量和污染风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,2010年,中国畜禽粪便总量达22.35亿t,可产沼气1072.75亿m3,山东等6省市粪便资源超过1.00亿t;全国单位面积农地氮磷平均负荷为43.73kg/hm2(TN)和9.16kg/hm2(TP),北京等6省市农地氮磷负荷超标;全国畜禽养殖环境容量为129.56亿头猪当量(以N为基准),159.74亿头猪当量(以P为基准),实际养殖总量约占环境容量的1/4,考虑化肥施用的影响,约有20个省超过本省50%环境容量。研究结果为区域畜禽养殖总量控制、合理布局和粪污的综合利用提供决策依据。     

太湖地区不同水旱轮作方式下稻季甲烷和氧化亚氮排放研究

为准确编制我国稻田温室气体排放清单及制定合理减排措施提供基础数据,选择太湖地区典型水稻种植区江苏省苏州市,研究设计了休闲水稻(对照,CK)、紫云英水稻(T1)、黑麦草水稻(T2)、小麦水稻(T3)和油菜水稻(T4)5种水旱轮作方式,采用静态箱气相色谱法,开展了不同水旱轮作方式下水稻生长季田间甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放监测试验。试验结果表明:不同水旱轮作方式下水稻生长季CH4排放通量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,CH4排放峰值出现在水稻生育前期,移栽至有效分蘖临界叶龄期CH4累积排放量占全生育期排放总量的比例为65%~81%,而N2O仅在水稻烤田期间有明显排放。水旱轮作方式对稻季CH4和N2O排放有极显著(P 0.01)影响,CH4季节总排放量表现为T1(283.2 kg.hm 2)CK(139.5 kg.hm 2)T3(123.4kg.hm 2)T4(114.7 kg.hm 2)T2(100.8 kg.hm 2),N2O季节总排放量顺序为T1 T4 T3 T2 CK,依次为1.06kg.hm 2、0.87 kg.hm 2、0.81 kg.hm 2、0.72 kg.hm 2和0.53 kg.hm 2。T1处理稻季排放CH4和N2O产生的增温潜势最高[7 396 kg(CO2).hm 2],显著(P 0.05)高于其他处理,比CK[3 646 kg(CO2).hm 2]增加103%,T2[2 735kg(CO2).hm 2]较CK减少25%(P 0.05)。紫云英水稻轮作方式增加了太湖地区水稻生长季的温室效应。     

抽穗后干旱复水对双季杂交晚稻产量形成和叶片δ13C及内源激素水平的影响

为探明生育后期干旱复水对双季杂交晚稻不同产量潜力品种产量的影响及其形成的生理机制,选择超级稻品种五丰优T025和对照品种金优207,于抽穗后进行干旱8d复水处理,分析了2个品种结实和产量、干旱前后倒二叶稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)及内源激素含量的差异性。结果表明,干旱复水处理下2个品种水稻的结实率、千粒重及单株产量较对照(保持水层)表现出不同程度下降。其中,结实率五丰优T025和金优207分别下降12.07%和7.67%,千粒重下降5.23%和9.09%,单株产量下降13.54%和27.14%,差异均达显著或极显著水平,未发现产量补偿效应。抽穗后干旱处理下倒二叶δ13C值,五丰优T025大幅上升,复水后呈现出先下降,至第6天又开始上升的特点,金优207则大幅下降,复水后呈现先上升后下降再上升的特点,五丰优T025较金优207干旱复水处理与对照之间的差距更大。总体上,对照条件下,抽穗至其后20d,随生育推进,2个品种倒二叶内源ABA和GA₃含量呈上升而IAA含量则下降趋势,ZR表现出先上升再下降特点。干旱处理下2个品种表现为ABA含量上升,复水后呈先下降后上升特点,五丰优T025较金优207处理与对照之间差距更大;干旱复水处理条件下:2个品种IAA含量均下降,五丰优T025处理与对照间的差距明显小于金优207;五丰优T025 GA₃含量表现出先上升后下降再上升,金优207表现出干旱处理结束日急剧下降至最低点,复水后缓慢上升特点;2个品种ZR含量呈现出先上升至最高值再下降特点,五丰优T025较金优207处理与对照之间差距更小。抽穗后干旱处理将启动稻株体内抗衰老机制,复水后将在一定程度一定时间内激活稻株体内生长促进因子并抑制生长抑制因子,但其效果十分有限。     

玉米产量潜力及超高产物质积累途径优化分析方法

作物产量潜力估计对于作物生产及超高产创建具有重要的理论指导意义。本文以玉米品种‘先玉335’为试验材料,于2005—2013年在吉林省3个不同生态类型区(乾安县、公主岭市和桦甸市)布置密度试验进行玉米超高产研究,利用获取的田间试验资料结合FAO-AEZ模型提出了一种基于优化模式的玉米产量潜力估计方法,解决了FAO-AEZ模型中收获指数常数的选择问题,并进一步建立玉米超高产生产中干物质积累途径分析方法。结果表明,玉米的产量与描述其干物质积累过程的Logistic方程参数密切相关,所建关系模型达到极显著水平(P0.01),并通过2012年和2013年实际产量统计检验;基于非线性优化理论,利用所建产量关系模型估算出乾安县和桦甸市的产量潜力,较FAO-AEZ模型潜力估计值年平均提高17.5%和16.1%;以实际生产数据作为约束条件,进一步求出乾安县、公主岭市和桦甸市产量达到15 000 kg·hm-2时的最低种植密度分别为7.7万株·hm-2、8.2万株·hm-2和7.9万株·hm-2,同时求出各生态区相应的干物质积累参数和各生育阶段的干物质积累量指标,为玉米超高产栽培播前决策和生育期调控提供理论依据。本文分析结果可作为吉林省玉米产量潜力估计及高产与超高产创建的理论依据,所建模型及相关分析方法也可作为其他地区作物产量潜力估计的参考。     

东江中上游4树种水势日变化特征及其与环境因子的关系

在东江中上游,以6a生树种木荷、红锥、火力楠和藜蒴为材料,采用PSYPRO露点水势仪对4树种在旱季与雨季的土水势、根水势、茎水势和叶水势日变化过程进行了测定,探讨了4树种在自然生境下的水势梯度变异及叶水势与气象因子的关系。结果表明,叶水势日变化均呈"单峰"型曲线,日均值表现为木荷>火力楠>红锥>藜蒴,旱季叶水势明显低于雨季;叶水势与大气温度(Ta)和光合有效辐射(PAR)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而与空气相对湿度(RH)和大气水势(Фa)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),气象因子对东江流域主要造林树种叶水势直接作用由大到小结果如下:火力楠和藜蒴(Ta>RH>Фa>PAR),红锥(RH>Фa>Ta>PAR),木荷(Ta>Фa>RH>PAR)。     

气候变化对黄河中上游地区潜在蒸散影响的估算

采用Penman—Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散,分析1961-2010年黄河中上游地区气候因子的变化趋势,并用偏微分方法定量分析各气候因子变化对潜在蒸散的影响。结果显示：1）近50年来黄河中上游地区气温显著升高（α〈0．01）,风速和日照时间显著减少（α〈0．01）。半干旱区面积不断扩大,气候总体呈暖干变化趋势。2）潜在蒸散对实际水汽压变化最敏感,其次为最高气温、风速和日照时间,对最低气温变化最不敏感。夏季潜在蒸散对日最高气温最敏感,其他季节对实际水汽压最敏感。3）风速对年潜在蒸散变化贡献最大,其次为气温和日照时间,实际水汽压贡献最小。春夏秋冬对潜在蒸散变化贡献最大的气候因子依次为风速、日照时间、气温。温度升高、湿度减少埘潜在蒸散的正影响已被风速、辐射下降的负影响所抵消。综合考虑各气候因子对潜在蒸散的作用有助于加深对气候变化影响机制的认识,并为气候变化适应对策研究提供科学依据。     

Ameliorative effect of potassium on mice and tomato subjected to sodium salinization

Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Yamabiko) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Saturn) plants subjected to Na-salinization (NA: 80 mmol( + ) kg^-1 Na) in hydroponics were grown after the addition of K at five concentrations (K1: 10, K2: 20, K3: 30, K4: 40, K5: 50 mmol( + ) kg^-1). The effect of K on their growth was analyzed in terms of transpiration, cation uptake, and transport. A similar tendency for the above parameters was obtained in both species. The addition of 10 mmol( + ) kg^-1 K improved the growth by decreasing the content of Na and increasing the K content of the plants. The growth of the plants, however, was reduced along with the increase of the K concentration and became comparable to that of NA at K5. The total cation content increased with the increase of the K concentration, which was due to the increase of the K content.

A close relationship was observed among the osmotic potential of the solution, cumulative transpiration, and dry weight for both species among the K treatments.

Addition of K suppressed the uptake of other cations by rice and tomato in the order of Na>Mg>Ca, with a very small suppression for Ca and Mg. The depression of Na uptake by K could be due to the antagonism between the two cations.

In rice, the addition of K resulted in a decrease of the uptake concentration (UC) of Na and an increase of that of K, but did not bring about any changes in the UC of Ca and Mg. It was worth noting that K1 and K2 led to a higher UC of Na than NA in tomato, while the trend of the UC of K, Ca, and Mg was similar to that in rice. The transport of Na and Ca to the tops of rice was not affected by the addition of K, while that of Mg increased by K addition. In tomato, the transport of all the cations was promoted by the increase of the K concentration.     

Validation of the DNDC-Rice model by using CH4 and N2O flux data from rice cultivated in pots under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management

The DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition)-Rice model, one of the most advanced process-based models for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields, has been discussed mostly in terms of the reproducibility of observed methane (CH₄) emissions from Japanese rice paddies, but the model has not yet been validated for tropical rice paddies under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation management, a water-saving technique. We validated the model by using CH₄ and nitrous oxide (N₂O) flux data from rice in pots cultivated under AWD irrigation management in a screen-house at the International Rice Research Institute (Los Baños, the Philippines). After minor modification and adjustment of the model to the experimental irrigation conditions, we calculated grain yield and straw production. The observed mean daily CH₄ fluxes from the continuous flooding (CF) and AWD pots were 4.49 and 1.22?kg?C?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively, and the observed mean daily N₂O fluxes from the pots were 0.105 and 34.1?g?N?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively. The root-mean-square errors, indicators of simulation error, of daily CH₄ fluxes from CF and AWD pots were calculated as 1.76 and 1.86?kg?C?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively, and those of daily N₂O fluxes were 2.23 and 124?g?N?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively. The simulated gross CH₄ emissions for CF and AWD from the puddling stage (2 days before transplanting) to harvest (97 days after transplanting) were 417 and 126?kg?C?ha^?1, respectively; these values were 9.8% lower and 0.76% higher, respectively, than the observed values. The simulated gross N₂O emissions during the same period were 0.0279 and 1.45?kg?N?ha^?1 for CF and AWD, respectively; these values were respectively 87% and 29% lower than the observed values. The observed total global warming potential (GWP) of AWD resulting from the CH₄ and N₂O emissions was approximately one-third of that in the CF treatment. The simulated GWPs of both CF and AWD were close to the observed values despite the discrepancy in N₂O emissions, because N₂O emissions contributed much less than CH₄ emissions to the total GWP. These results suggest that the DNDC-Rice model can be used to estimate CH₄ emission and total GWP from tropical paddy fields under both CF and AWD conditions.     

红壤旱地四种春夏作物水势比较研究

大豆、花生、红薯、玉米是低丘红壤区主要的夏季旱地作物,研究表明:四种不同作物在相同或相似的环境条件下,作物水势时空分布的趋势一致;大豆(初花期)、玉米(大喇叭口期)、花生(开花结荚期)、红薯(块根膨大期)永久萎蔫时叶水势依次为:-2.3MPa、-2.10MPa、-1.75MPa、-1.30MPa,土壤水势分别为-1.159MPa、-0.818MPa、-1.534MPa、-1.644MPa。正常情况下,作物叶片水势大小及作物耐旱性顺序为:红薯>花生>大豆、玉米。小麦茬口玉米(抽穗期)和大豆(初花期)因叶片水势连续一周分别低于-2.2MPa和-2.3MPa被旱死。