超高产广适小麦新品种济麦22产量形成分析

济麦22是山东省农业科学院作物研究所育成的超高产广适小麦新品种,用国家和省区试的多年实验数据和高产攻关的实打产量记录对该品种进行了产量形成及稳定性分析,以期为当前超高产小麦育种提供借鉴。结果表明,济麦22在连续2年的国家小麦区域试验中均增产显著;株高72cm,高抗倒伏;成穗数40×104/667m2以上,穗粒数36粒以上,千粒重40g以上,产量3因素协调;适应度广,适应性强,静态和动态稳定性均较好。济麦22分蘖力强,自身调节能力非常强,在400~800kg/667m2产量水平范围内均有良好表现,最高产量789.9kg/667m2,创造了我国冬小麦单产新纪录。统计分析表明,提高成穗数是提升济麦22产量水平最简单有效的途径,成穗数每增加1×104/667m2,单产可提高12 kg;其次是千粒重。土壤肥力不足是阻碍超高产小麦产量提升的重要原因,育性、抗病、抗逆性差,适应性弱是限制超高产小麦大面积推广的关键因素,多点鉴定、水旱轮选、穿梭育种是解决超高产育种广适性的有效方法。     

The water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation for winter wheat production on the North China Plain

The shortage of groundwater resources is a considerable challenge for winter wheat production on the North China Plain. Water-saving technologies and procedures are thus urgently required. To determine the water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation(MSI) for winter wheat production, field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015. Compared to traditional flooding irrigation(TFI), micro-sprinkling thrice with 90 mm water(MSI1) and micro-sprinkling four times with 120 mm water(MSI2) increased the water use efficiency by 22.5 and 16.2%, respectively, while reducing evapotranspiration by 17.6 and 10.8%. Regardless of the rainfall pattern, MSI(i.e., MSI1 or MSI2) either stabilized or significantly increased the grain yield, while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%, compared to TFI. Applying the same volumes of irrigation water, MSI(i.e., MSI3, micro-sprinkling five times with 150 mm water) increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat by 4.6 and 11.7%, respectively, compared to TFI. Because MSI could supply irrigation water more frequently in smaller amounts each time, it reduced soil layer compaction, and may have also resulted in a soil water deficit that promoted the spread of roots into the deep soil layer, which is beneficial to photosynthetic production in the critical period. In conclusion, MSI1 or MSI2 either stabilized or significantly increased grain yield while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40% compared to TFI, and should provide water-saving technological support in winter wheat production for smallholders on the North China Plain.     

从配合力探讨新CP甘蔗品种的育种潜力

为探讨新CP甘蔗品种作杂交亲本的遗传特点,采用6×4不完全双列杂交设计,估算5个产量和品质性状的一般配合力(gca)和特殊配合力(sca).方差分析表明,5个性状的母本gca极显著,而组合sca只有丛重,株高和茎径显著.V_(gca)∶V_(sca)表明,在后代群体性状表达上,加性遗传方差组分占有明显优势,根据配合力效应,侧重评价了新CP甘蔗品种的育种潜力,发现CP72—1210和CP67—412为母本易于将高糖高产基因传递给后代,CP65—357为母本的后代茎径和锤度也较理想,F_1群体育种潜力大的组合有CP72—1210×Ya84—125,CP72—1210×Ya82—96,CP67—×Ya71—374和CP65—357×Ya71—370,可用于今后的甘蔗有性杂交育种计划。     

基于GIS和迈阿密模型的全球灌溉需水量计算

通过计算光温生产潜力、气候生产潜力、光温潜力需水量、灌溉需水量以及衍生的可持续垦殖率指标,以解决农业生产潜力、农田熟制、灌溉定额、宜农荒地垦殖适宜性评价等农业发展问题。以迈阿密模型为理论基础,利用GIS空间分析的研究方法,计算出了上述指标的高精度全球分布场,得出全球光温生产潜力为2 260×10⁸ t干物质,气候生产潜力为1 253×10⁸ t干物质,灌溉需水量总计为12 441 km³。主要结论有：热带雨林区除外,全球气候生产潜力高值区同当前农业区高度吻合,表明农田气候潜力已经被人类充分利用;在温带地区,可持续覆膜雨养垦殖率＞2/3的地区适宜开垦宜农荒地,发展雨养农业。根据迈阿密模型计算得出的灌溉需水量可作为制定农田喷灌定额的重要依据;覆膜滴灌节水效果最佳,可持续覆膜滴灌垦殖率为各种垦殖率中最大值,可作为指导宜农荒地资源开发和多熟制农业发展的主要指标。     

基于人地关系的农村居民点整理现实潜力研究——以河北省曲周县为例

以行政村为单元,定量评价了曲周县的人地关系状态,采用统计分析法、层次分析法、多因素综合评价法和限制条件修正系数法分析了人地关系对农村居民点整理理论潜力转化为现实潜力的影响,并利用评价结果测算了曲周县农村居民点整理现实潜力。结果表明:由于经济快速发展和用地扩张,人地关系紧张区域主要分布在县城周边及县域主要交通线两侧,而占研究区域面积77.14%的区域人地关系比较协调;由于研究区域为黄淮海平原典型农业县,只有26.99%的理论潜力得到释放,可以转变为农村居民点整理的现实潜力。     

貂粪沼气发酵产气潜力研究

[目的]研究不同料液比对貂粪沼气发酵产气效果的影响,为以貂粪为原料进行沼气发酵及貂粪的多样化处理提供参考。[方法]以貂粪为原料,沼液为接种物,35℃恒温厌氧发酵,比较不同料液比对貂粪产气效果的影响。[结果]试验表明,发酵料液配比为1∶2时,貂粪更易降解,产气量高。试验初步确定貂粪发酵的水力滞留时间为21 d。料液总固体(TS)浓度为6.0%时,貂粪的产气潜力为345.7 mL/g TS,350.3 mL/g挥发性固体(VS)。[结论]貂粪是一种无需调碳氮比且产沼气潜力很高的发酵原料。     

内蒙古河套灌区盐渍土持水特性的测定与分析

用压力排水法对氯化钠、氯化钙和碳酸氢钠盐渍土的持水特性进行了测定,结果表明,无论是氯盐土还是碳酸盐土其土水势绝对值都随含液量的减少而增大,同类盐渍土在含液量相同的情况下,土水势绝对值是随土壤溶液摩尔浓度增大而增大,并有很好的线性关系.     

莴苣叶子沼气发酵潜力的研究

本实验以莴苣叶子为原料,采用批量发酵工艺,进行发酵产沼气实验,实验结果表明,莴苣叶子是一种较好的沼气发酵原料,其沼气发酵潜力为747mL/gTS,809mL/gVS。     

新菠萝灰粉蚧在中国目前及未来的潜在地理分布研究

新菠萝灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus neobrevipes(Beardsley)),属同翅目(Homoptera)粉蚧科(Pseudococci-dae),被列为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物。该虫主要分布在美洲地区,特别是墨西哥到巴西之间,另外欧洲、非洲和亚洲也有少量分布。新菠萝灰粉蚧于1998年在我国首次发现,随后在广东省的部分地区大量暴发,造成严重经济损失。本研究利用CLIMEX 3.0与ArcGIS 9.3结合的方法研究该虫在我国目前以及未来的潜在地理分布。研究结果发现当前气候条件下,新菠萝灰粉蚧在我国的适生范围主要分布在18.3°N～27.3°N,包括海南、广东、广西、云南、贵州、台湾、香港、澳门、福建、湖南、江西、四川、重庆、浙江、西藏等省市,适生区面积占全国总面积的13.03%。其中整个海南、广东和广西的大部分地区、云南南部、福建东南部和台湾西南部高度适生。基于我国未来气候变化的预测结果显示,2020年,适生区向北扩展,面积将增加至全国总面积的18.97%;到2050年,适生区北界将向北移至32.8°N,上海、江苏和安徽南部均将成为适生区。鉴于新菠萝灰粉蚧在我国的潜在地理分布研究结果,应进一步加强针对该虫的检疫、根除措施,完善疫情监测体系,预防其新的进入和扩散。     

Role of canonical transient receptor potential and inflammation in left ventricular fibrosis induced by high salt in Wistar rats

AIM:To explore the role of transient receptor potential channels subfamily C (TRPCs) and inflammation in left ventricular fibrosis induced by high salt and the effect of telmisartan. METHODS:Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal control (C) group (n=13), high salt (8%) model group (HS, n=24) and high salt+telmisartan (T) group (n=12). Tail-cuff artery pressure was determined every 2 weeks. The interstitial collagen deposition and inflammation were observed by Masson and HE staining, respectively. The expression of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC6, calcineurin (CaN), nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were determined by real-time PCR or Western blotting. RESULTS:Masson staining showed that left ventricle in HS group exhibited severer myocardial interstitial fibrosis compared with C group. TRPC, CaN and NF-κB assays showed that high-salt diet increased the protein expression of TRPC1, TRPC3 and TRPC6, and activated CaN and NF-κB as compared with C group. The results of HE staining, real-time PCR and Western blotting showed that high salt-treated Wistar rats had enhanced cardiac infiltration of inflammatory cells, as well as increased cardiac levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1, IL-1β, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and MCP-1) as compared with C group. After treated with telmisartan, left ventricular mass index and collagen volume fraction became much lower, and the levels of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC6, CaN, NF-κB p65, TGF-β1, ICAM-1 and MCP-1 were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: Inflammation is exacerbated in left ventricular fibrosis induced by high salt. The mechanism may be related to the up-regulation of TRPCs, CaN and NF-κB at mRNA and protein levels. Telmisartan inhibits the expression of TRPCs and NF-κB, and ameliorates the inflammatory responses in left ventricular fibrosis.