不同造林抚育干扰下桉树幼林地水土流失特征

[目的]探讨不同造林抚育措施对桉树幼林地水土流失及其养分损耗的影响,为桉树人工林的科学栽培和可持续经营提供理论依据。[方法]建立8个地表径流小区,以桉树采伐地灌草坡做对照(CK),研究人工割灌割草清理林地和除草、只施基肥不追肥的植苗更新2代林地(A处理),火烧清理林地、化学除草、施基肥和追肥的植苗更新2代林地(B处理)和人工割灌割草清理林地和除草、施基肥和追肥的萌芽更新2代林地(C处理)的水土流失特征。[结果]B处理林地的地表径流量、泥沙流失量和N,P,K养分流失总量年均值分别为129.35 mm,642.52kg/(hm2·a)和32.923kg/(hm2.a),比A处理的分别高出7.93%,90.03%和46.89%,比C处理的分别高出4.95%,70.82%和49.17%,比CK(对照)的分别高出4.98%,109.93%和50.91%;各试验林地的地表径流量和泥沙流失量与降水量之间均呈极显著线性正相关(R=0.717~0.853)。[结论]火烧清理林地、化学除草、频繁施肥等人为干扰活动及大量级降水驱动是桉树幼林林地水土流失及其养分损耗较为强烈的主要原因。     

GIS技术在山东省林地保护利用规划县级“一张图”建设中的应用研究

分析县级林地保护利用规划小班落界图形数据存在的主要问题,按照国家林业局"一张图"建设要求,结合使用MapGIS和ArcGIS软件,对县级"一张图"建设图形数据处理中的数据准备、面数据处理、线文件制作、点文件制作等技术环节进行了系统研究。     

康保县1993～2008年土地利用动态变化分析

以河北省康保县为研究对象在对1993、2001、2008年3期遥感影像解译分析的基础上,得到了3个时期的9种土地利用类型的面积、转移矩阵及时空格局变化情况。结果表明,16年来康保县旱耕地为最大的转出源,草地、林地为最大的转入源,水浇地面积增幅大;2001年以前退耕还林还草集中在北部低山和东部缓坡丘陵区,2001年以后集中在南部波状平原和东部缓坡丘陵区。虽然该县退耕还林还草效果较显著,但距离形成以牧为主、牧农林相结合的土地利用结构,恢复以草原生态系统为主的植被覆被景观仍有大量工作要做。     

Factors affecting site occupancy by woodland bird species of conservation concern

Significant biodiversity loss is characteristic of agricultural landscapes worldwide. Biodiversity recovery efforts in such landscapes can be hamstrung by a paucity of information on factors affecting species’ distributions, particularly for threatened and/or declining species. The temperate woodlands of south-eastern Australia have been extensively modified for agriculture and numerous bird taxa are declining. We have explicitly identified habitat and landscape attributes of woodland remnants affecting site occupancy by 13 woodland bird species of conservation concern.Using case-control data and linear logistic regression, we found that site occupancy for each species was related to both habitat and landscape variables. Habitat variables of particular importance included those in the ground layer (an abundance of leaf litter, an intact surface crust of mosses and lichens and a scarcity of annual grasses) and overstorey (a scarcity of eucalypt dieback and an abundance of mistletoe). Landscape variables strongly affecting site occupancy included the number of paddock trees and the area of native grass within 500 m of a site. Many of our study species were found most often in regrowth remnants.Our findings indicate a gap between current conservation practices and the actual habitat requirements of woodland bird species of conservation concern. Successful management will require protection and/or rehabilitation of the ground layer and overstorey of woodland remnants and sympathetic management of the surrounding landscape. It also will require managers to go beyond current practices of conserving old growth remnants and establishing replantings to maintaining and creating stands of woodland regrowth.     

Soil CO2 efflux and extractable organic carbon fractions under simulated precipitation events in a Mediterranean Dehesa

The magnitude of CO₂ efflux pulses after rewetting a dry soil is highly variable and the factors regulating these pulses are poorly understood. In this field experiment, we aimed to study the C dynamics after simulated summer rainstorms in a Mediterranean open holm oak woodland (dehesa). We hypothesized that because the herbaceous cover is mostly dead during the summer in this ecosystem, the short-term CO₂ efflux (SR) after rewetting could mainly be explained by different measurable soil C fractions: i) K₂SO₄-extracted soil C (EOC); ii) microbial biomass C (MBC); or iii) chloroform-fumigated extracted C (CFE). On both grazed and abandoned dehesa sites, we simulated three summer rain events at two-week intervals and we measured SR discontinuously in three plots under tree canopy and in another three plots in open grassland. In each plot, C fractions and water content were estimated before (2 h) and after (36 h) each irrigation event. Following rewettings, SR increased up to ten times compared with non-irrigated plots. The CFE actually increased after rewetting in the first two irrigations but not in the third event, suggesting that the capacity of the soil to release labile organic C from soil aggregates or litter was reduced after each irrigation event. Overall, the C released as CO₂ in the first 24 h was related to the CFE existing before rewetting, which may help to explain the spatial variability in SR. However, the explained variability decreased after each irrigation, suggesting a change to a less labile composition of the CFE fraction as a consequence of multiple drying-rewetting cycles.     

辽东山区人工红松林降雨截留分配效应

以辽东山区人工红松林为对象,在大气降雨基础上观测林间穿透雨、树干流特征,结果表明:2016年本溪大气降雨47场,降雨总量677.7 mm,平均每场为14.4 mm,单次最大降雨量为75.4 mm,最小为1.1 mm;8月份降雨量最大,为205.8 mm,占总量30.3%;10月降雨量最小,为7.0 mm,占总量1.01%。人工红松林林间穿透雨量为504.4 mm,占大气降雨总量74.43%;树干流水量为173.3 mm,占大气降雨总量25.57%,林分减少了降雨对地表面的侵蚀和水土流失。     

低碳营林理念下的林地土壤理化性质分析

通过对低碳营林方式下的林地土壤进行长期的观测,结果表明:低碳营林方式下的幼林材积与传统方式下的并无太大差异;低碳营林方式下的土壤须进行清理,造林后首年土壤含水量、有机质下降;传统方式下林地土壤容重增加,含水量与有机质下降明显。低碳营林方式下的林地土壤能够有效保持水土。     

Strategic planning for new woodlands in the urban periphery: through the lens of social inclusiveness

Current strategies for creating new woodlands in the urban periphery aim to provide as many people as possible with a recreational green space close to where they live. When taking a socially inclusive approach, however, this also involves a number of ‘distributional’ questions. These refer to the kind of people likely to benefit the most from such a plan: urban or suburban residents, low or high-income groups, and so forth. This article presents a GIS-based working method aimed at exploring different options for urban woodland proposals with regard to their positioning in relation to residential areas, as well as the socio-spatial characteristics of those areas. The example of seven possible locations for a new ‘peri-urban forest’ in Antwerp, Belgium was used to demonstrate the method's potential to address relevant questions in socially inclusive planning and hence, to improve strategic planning for new urban woodlands.     

荒漠梭梭林鼠害防治试验

为了给梭梭林鼠害工程治理提供科学依据 ,2 0 0 0— 2 0 0 2年 ,采用不同饵料、不同药剂、不同季节和投药方法对梭梭林鼠害进行重复防治试验 ,通过方差分析和多重比较 ,得出首选饵料为胡萝卜 ,首选药剂为 C·型肉毒素 ,最佳投药方法是洞口投药 ,最佳防治适期是 4～ 5月     

Assessment of urban forestry research and research needs in Nordic and Baltic countries

A review of research and research needs in urban forestry was carried out in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden during 2005. A questionnaire addressing post-2000 and ongoing research was sent to 146 researchers and generated 76 completed questionnaires. Universities were found to lead urban forestry research, while municipalities headed funding organisations in terms of number of projects funded. Planning, ecological and management aspects were the most common research themes, but socially oriented research also played an important role. The research needs questionnaire was sent to 192 key research actors (assignors, users and researchers), resulting in 63 completed needs assessments. The research themes of ‘urban forest management’, ‘social and cultural values’ and ‘urban forest and green planning’ were prioritised for future research. Comparison of ongoing research and research needs showed discrepancies, as ongoing research does not always cover the same themes identified as primary research needs. Priorities for future research as identified by the research community respective those assigning and using research also differed. Economic assessment of benefits, for example, scored much higher as a need among researchers than other respondents. In terms of present weaknesses in the research ‘infrastructure’, research actors emphasised lack of funding, fragmentation of research and insufficient critical mass. The region's urban forestry research can be enhanced and made more meaningful by strengthening national and international networking within the research community, across disciplines, as well as between researchers and those commissioning and using research.