Modelling carbon dynamics in mixed grass–red clover swards

Growth and carbon dynamics in mixed grass–red clover leys were simulated using a growth model for pure stands based on radiation use, allocation within plant and loss of biomass. The model and its parameter values were taken from previous applications of the model to pure swards of grass and red clover grown in the same experiment at the same sites and years.     

热泵式节能烘干机的设计

热泵是一种使热量从低温介质流向高温介质,以对高温物体进行供热的装置.为此,利用热泵原理研究设计了一种小型高效节能烘干机,并介绍了该机的主要特点、总体结构等,尤其对热泵、烘干床进行了详细介绍.该机具有结构简单新颖、造价低廉、使用寿命长、高效节能等优点,不仅可以烘干多种农产品,还可以烘干茶叶、蘑菇等多种农副产品.     

The value of performance studies of irrigation projects for lending agencies

This paper looks at the World Bank's experience with irrigation and drainage projects and compares their performance expected at appraisal stage with the performance re-assessed at completion and at the time of impact evaluation, typically 3 to 5 years later when projects have reached their full potential. This review confirms the over-optimistic assumptions of project performance at appraisal and completion stages. The deficiencies in water distribution are far greater than suspected, affecting cropping intensity and crop yields much more than originally thought. An important lesson from this memo is the need to adopt more realistic values of key parameters in the preparation of irrigation projects.     

The rehabilitation of an irrigation system along the Yellow River

The People's Victory Irrigation System which diverts water from the Yellow River of China covers a total irrigable area of 59 000 ha. The system encountered some serious problems in the first decade of its operation — salinity and waterlogging of irrigated land, siltation of irrigation and drainage channels, as well as a low efficiency of water use. This paper describes a series of structural and functional measures which have been adopted in the past 24 years for the rehabilitation of the system, including: improvement of the existing drainage system and construction of new drainage system on agricultural land, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies, a comprehensive programme to reduce the levels of siltation as well as the implementation of improved water management practices. A model for the optimal operation of the system by using system analysis theory as an aid in reducing the operation and maintenance (O & M) costs has been developed in recent years. The results are that the soil salinity has been controlled and the agricultural production has increased whilst the efficiency of water use has improved and the siltation levels reduced. Experience gained on this system has been successfully used in developing and managing other irrigation projects along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The proposed procedure of solving the said optimal model has also embodied some benefits from reducing O & M costs in operation.     

渠道密度与渠系水利用系数关系研

为了研究灌区渠道密度与渠系水利用系数之间的关系，首先从分析渠道水的渗漏情况入手,分析了渠系水利用系数与渗漏之间的关系,建立了在相同衬砌条件下渠道密度与渠系水利用系数之间的数学关系。然后提出有关渠道密度概念，这一概念的提出有利于灌区渠道分布合理性的进一步评价。渠道密度与渠系水利用系数两者之间关系式的确立，有助于从理论上评价渠道分布对渠系水利用系数的影响。     

基于DEA的农业机械上市公司经营绩效分析

运用数据包络分析法的C2R模型对2003～2005年农机上市公司的综合效率进行分析、对比、研究,发现我国农业机械上市公司平均效率较低,且公司间效率值差距显著;不同年份之间,部分公司效率值波动较大;效率值与各子行业经营方向有关,零部件制造企业的经营效率明显优于整装设备制造企业。     

冬小麦节水高效优化灌溉制度模型应用研究

根据霍泉灌区田间试验资料,考虑水分亏缺的后效性,以冠层叶面积指数修正后的作物-水模型作为目标函数,建立二雏动态规划模型,计算冬小麦节水高效优化灌溉制度。结果显示,该模型充分反映了灌水时间、灌水定额和灌溉水量产生的冬小麦的产量效应,所建模型和参数确定较合理,在实践中更有实用性。     

基于余压控制的液压制动系统性能研究

为了提高液压制动系统的性能,分析了制动效能的影响因素和矿用自卸车液压制动系统的原理。建立了液压制动系统简化模型,并对其关键元件制动踏板阀进行了特性分析。应用AMESim建立了液压制动系统的仿真模型,研究了参数变化对系统性能的影响,提出了余压控制减小制动器作用时间的方法,试验结果验证了仿真分析的正确性和余压控制的可行性,减小了制动器作用时间,缩短了制动距离,使制动性能大大提高。     

固始鸡、罗曼蛋雏鸡和艾维茵肉仔鸡生长、养分沉积、肉质特性的比较研究

通过研究固始鸡、罗曼蛋雏鸡和艾维茵肉仔鸡生长、养分沉积、肉质特性的差异,探讨品种与生长、代谢和肉质间的关系。选用1日龄雄性固始鸡、艾维茵肉仔鸡、罗曼蛋雏鸡各120只,按体重随机分为6个重复,每重复20只,在相同日粮条件下进行8周的生长试验,并进行屠宰试验和肉质测定。结果表明:(1)3种鸡在体重、日增重、采食量、饲料转化率间存在极显著差异(P<0.01),固始鸡低于罗曼蛋雏鸡,罗曼蛋雏鸡低于艾维茵肉仔鸡;(2)固始鸡和罗曼蛋雏鸡的代谢能和粗蛋白质沉积效率显著低于艾维茵肉仔鸡(P<0.05);(3)固始鸡和罗曼蛋雏鸡的肌肉滴水损失、肌纤维直径、羟脯氨酸含量显著低于艾维茵肉仔鸡(P<0.05),固始鸡胸肌和腿肌中超氧化物歧化酶活性则极显著高于蛋鸡(P<0.01),蛋鸡极显著高于肉鸡(P<0.01)。与快速生长的鸡品种相比,慢速生长的固始鸡具有较低的代谢能和粗蛋白质沉积效率,具有较低的肌肉滴水损失、羟脯氨酸含量及较细的肌纤维,并具有较高的肌肉抗氧化水平。     

减氮下不同肥料配施对麦玉复种体系作物氮素积累分配及产量的影响

为探索陕西关中地区冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系氮肥减量增效潜力,构建适宜的作物养分管理体系,于2018-2019年采用田间试验研究了减氮并配施不同肥料对麦玉复种体系作物生长状况、植株氮素积累分配、作物产量以氮素利用效率的影响。试验设置5个处理：常规施氮（225 kg·hm^-2,N₁₀₀）;减氮20%（180 kg·hm^-2 ,N₈₀）;减氮配施生物炭（180 kg·hm^-2,生物炭22 500 kg·hm^-2,N₈₀+BC）;减氮配施缓释肥（180 kg·hm^-2,尿素∶缓释肥=1∶1,N₈₀+S）;减氮配施微生物菌肥（180 kg·hm^-2,微生物菌肥3 600 kg·hm^-2 ,N₈₀+BF）。结果表明：减氮及其配施不同肥料对夏玉米大喇叭口期后株高、干物质和氮素积累没有显著影响;而N₈₀+BF促进了夏玉米氮素向籽粒中的分配;N₈₀+BC提高了夏玉米产量和收获指数,且较N₈₀处理分别显著提高8.3%和20.1%;减氮下三种配施处理均能提高夏玉米氮农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力,且以N₈₀+BC处理表现最佳,较N₁₀₀分别显著提高43.3%和29.0%,较N₈₀分别显著提高45.8%和8.3% ;N₈₀+BC和N₈₀+BF还能显著提高夏玉米氮肥表观表观回收率,二者较N₁₀₀显著增加18.1%和10.7% ,较N₈₀处理显著增加26.9%和19.0%。与N₈₀相比,N₈₀+BF有效提高了冬小麦扬花期和成熟期分蘖数、茎蘖成穗率以及成熟期干物质和氮素积累量,并能显著提高冬小麦穗数和产量,增幅分别为13.7%和16.2%。减氮下3种配施处理均能提高冬小麦氮农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素利用率,其中氮农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力在N₈₀+BF处理表现最佳,较N₁₀₀分别显著提高了31.2%和28.4%,较N₈₀分别显著提高了33.7%和16.2%,氮素利用率在N₈₀+S处理表现最佳。综上所述,减氮及其配施处理中,180 kg·hm^-2配施生物炭（22 500 kg·hm^-2）和180 kg·hm^-2配施微生物菌肥(3 600 kg·hm^-2)更有利于作物生长,促进氮素积累与分配,提高作物产量和氮素利用效率,实现关中地区麦玉复种体系氮肥管理的“减量增效”。