施氮和不同栽培模式对半湿润农田生态系统冬小麦库特征的影响

为了探讨半湿润农田生态系统施氮和栽培模式对冬小麦库特征的影响,以冬小麦小偃22为供试品种进行大田试验,试验设施肥(不施氮和施纯氮120 kg/hm2)和4种不同栽培模式(常规栽培、地膜覆盖、垄沟栽培和垄播覆膜),研究半湿润农田生态系统施氮和栽培模式对冬小麦库特征的影响。结果表明,栽培模式和施氮及其交互作用对小麦穗数有极显著影响(P<0.01),4种栽培模式中,垄播覆膜模式穗数最多,其次为地膜覆盖,垄沟栽培模式最少;不同栽培模式间穗粒数差异显著(P<0.05),而施氮、栽培模式与施氮之间的交互作用对穗粒数影响不显著,4种栽培模式中,地膜覆盖模式穗粒数最多,垄沟栽培最小;栽培模式、栽培模式与施氮之间的交互作用对小麦千粒重的影响不显著,而施氮对千粒重的影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01),4种栽培模式中,垄播覆膜模式千粒重最大,常规栽培最小,但差异不显著;施氮有助于提高小麦收获指数,4种栽培模式中,地膜覆盖模式收获指数最高,常规栽培最小;施氮和栽培模式对小麦产量均有极显著影响(P<0.01),栽培模式与施氮之间的交互作用对小麦产量的影响显著,垄播覆膜模式的小麦产量最高,常规栽培最小,与常规栽培模式相比,垄播覆膜、垄沟栽培和地膜覆盖模式的小麦产量分别增加27%,20%和9%。综合分析认为,在施氮条件下垄沟覆膜为最优种植模式,这对农业生产中合理选择小麦种植模式以达到高产具有借鉴作用。     

孕穗期根际土壤淹水对小麦氮素代谢和产量的影响

采用池栽试验 ,研究了孕穗期根际土壤淹水对小麦氮素营养和产量的影响。研究结果表明 :孕穗期根际土壤淹水显著影响小麦氮素的吸收量 ,降低茎鞘、叶片和全株相对含氮量和绝对含氮量 ,而对氮素在不同器官的分配影响较小。孕穗期根际土壤淹水导致旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率降低 ,最终使粒重和产量下降     

保水剂用量对冬小麦生长及水肥利用的影响

为探明保水剂施用条件下冬小麦生长与水肥利用的特征,采用田间试验,以不施保水剂和氮肥为对照,研究了单施氮肥(T2:225 kg·km^-2)和其与不同用量保水剂配施(T3:N+保水剂30 kg·hm^-2、T4:N+保水剂60 kg·hm^-2、T5:N+保水剂90 kg· hm^-2)处理对冬小麦生长、土壤矿质氮含量以及水肥利用等影响。结果表明:保水剂与氮肥的施用显著提高了小麦各生育期的小麦总群体、株高、叶面积、土壤矿质氮含量及水肥利用率等。各处理中,以T4处理对于总群体数、株高、穗长和穗粒数的提高效果最为显著,而T5处理对于小麦叶面积和千粒重的提高作用明显。随小麦生育期的推进,保水剂处理的根冠比均较对照低,尤其是T3处理。而各生育期土壤矿质氮平均含量表现为T4＞T3＞T5＞T2＞CK。最终小麦产量、氮肥农学效率、氮素生产力和水分利用效率,随保水用量的增加而先增后将,且均匀以T4处理最高,其分别比单施氮肥处理(T2)14.5％、55.9％、34.6％和25.0％。说明各处理中,以T4处理对小麦的生长、增产及水肥利用的效果最佳。     

洪水河灌区春小麦节水灌溉田间水管理系统中几个指标分析

[目的]研究分析洪水河灌区春小麦节水灌溉田间水管理系统中的几个指标。[方法]根据民乐县洪水河灌区益民灌溉试验站最近连续10年的有关资料和部分试验成果,以及在推广实施中存在的问题,对灌区春小麦节水灌溉田间水管理系统中秋灌储水指标、产量与灌水量、需水强度、需水模系数、根系分布与各阶段土壤水分控制标准几个指标进行了分析。[结果]洪水河灌区春小麦在4月上旬播种为宜：三叶期由储水供给水分．不必灌水;可在分蘖后期灌水,灌水时间为5月18—22日;头水应根据可供水量的多少来灵活掌握,在一般水文年份灌水定额应控制在980—1050m^2／hm^2;在抽穗期需灌2水,灌水时间一般为6月18—22日,定额为1050-1120m^2／hm^2。抽穗一成熟阶段若水资源紧张,可以不再灌水。[结论]确定出了适宜于洪水河灌区的春小麦节水灌溉制度。     

推迟灌拔节水条件下种植模式对冬小麦抗倒伏特性和产量的影响

华北平原冬小麦在粮食生产中占据重要地位,受到灌溉用水短缺影响以及生育后期易倒伏减产的制约,冬小麦供需矛盾日益突出。该研究探究了推迟灌拔节水条件下不同种植模式对冬小麦抗倒伏特性的影响,设置宽幅精播（W）与常规种植（C）2种种植模式,每种种植模式设置灌拔节水60 mm（I1）和推迟10 d灌拔节水60 mm（I2）2种灌溉处理,研究冬小麦关键生育期茎秆物理指标,倒数第2节间茎杆力学、抗倒伏指数、蠕变变形量、产量及其组成等指标,探究冬小麦抗倒伏特性综合调优的种植模式和灌溉制度。结果表明,宽幅精播模式下推迟灌拔节水对抽穗期倒数第2节间茎杆抗折力有显著提升的趋势,显著提高了抗弯刚度,显著降低了蜡熟期倒数第2节间茎杆抗折力和抗弯刚度,以及植株蜡熟期鲜质量;宽幅精播模式下推迟灌拔节水显著提高了抽穗期抗倒伏指数,并提升了灌浆期抗倒伏指数,该处理在抽穗期、灌浆期和蜡熟期的抗倒伏指数平均值分别为2.03、1.58和1.87 N/(m·g)。冬小麦倒数第2节间茎杆在施加小于其极限抗折力的不同比例荷载时具有蠕变特性,宽幅精播模式下推迟灌拔节水茎杆蠕变极值平均值在抽穗期最大,灌浆期表现仍然较好,均由减速蠕变过渡到稳定蠕变阶段,蠕变极值范围介于0.6%～3.7%,蠕变极值平均值介于0.7%～2.5%。综合考虑抗倒伏指数和蠕变试验结果,冬小麦在宽幅精播模式下结合推迟10 d灌拔节水处理的抗倒伏特性最优。研究结果可为华北平原冬小麦节水高产提供理论依据和技术支持。     

气候变化对北京地区小麦玉米两熟种植制度的影响

研究了北京地区小麦和玉米生产与气象条件的关系，并根据未来气候变化 的研究设计了气候情景，在此基础上讨论了未来气候化对小麦玉米一年二熟种植制度的影响。结果表明，温度升高对小麦和玉米生产有利，玉米产量的提高大于小麦；降水减少首先对小麦生产不利，当降水进一步减少时，对玉米生产也不利。     

Cumulative Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Yield,Nutrients Uptake and Economics by Rice–Wheat Cropping System in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted for 2 years in sandy loam soil, to study the direct effect of organic manures i.e. sewage sludge (SS), vermicompost (VC) and sesbania (SB) and chemical fertilizers on rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in sequence in winter (Rabi) and summer (Kharif) season during 2015–2016 to 2016–2017 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Residual effect of organic sources of nutrients as SS, VC and SB were monitored up to fourth crop (II wheat) in sequence applied in conjunction with 75% recommended dose of fertilize (RDF). Among the nutrient sources, the maximum grain yield in I rice (4.89 t ha^?1), II rice (4.95 t ha^?1), was recorded in treatment T₃ (100% RDF with S, Zn, B) whereas in I wheat (4.68 t ha^?1) and II wheat (4.59 t ha^?1), it was recorded in T₄ (customized fertilizer). The maximum straw yield during all four crops was recorded in T₃ (100% RDF with S, Zn, B) in rice and T₄ (customized fertilizer) in wheat crop, which showed 25, 32, 23 and 28% increase over 100% RDF (T₂). Application of 100% RDF along with S, Zn, B and customized fertilizer increased the total uptake of N, P, K, S and B and also in net returns and B:C ratio followed by organic treatments.     

Integrated use of organic and inorganic inputs in wheat-fodder maize cropping sequence to improve crop yields and soil properties

A 2-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two organics, farmyard manure and vermicompost, each at three rates (0, 5, 10 t ha^?1 and 0, 1, 2 t ha^?1, respectively), along with two levels of mineral fertilizer (75% and 100% of recommended dose), on crops yields and soil properties under a wheat–fodder maize cropping sequence. Individual addition of organics at a higher level increased yields of wheat and subsequent maize. Soil microbial biomass carbon was enhanced as both a direct and residual effect with the addition of farmyard manure followed by vermicompost and fertilizer treatments, and also by combined addition of manure with either vermicompost or mineral fertilizer. Farmyard manure increased the availability of soil macro- and micronutrients, whereas vermicompost influenced only the availability of micronutrients at wheat harvest. A residual effect of farmyard manure and mineral fertilizers was found for available N. Meanwhile, the residual status of micronutrients in the soil was either maintained or significantly improved due to organic amendments (Mn and Zn with farmyard manure; Fe and Zn with vermicompost). Interaction of farmyard manure and vermicompost at a higher level benefited the next crop by increasing the yield of fodder maize and improving the availability of P and metals in soil.     

Improving winter wheat grain yield and water-/nitrogen-use efficiency by optimizing the micro-sprinkling irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate

Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha~(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha~(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.     

春季冬小麦冻害气候及生理生化原因分析

[目的]分析气候变暖背景下春季冬小麦冻害多发的气候和生理生化原因。[方法]以2007年春季北方冬麦区相继发生的2次大范围严重冻害为例,应用河南省具有代表性的3个国家气象观测站和农业气象观测站资料,结合河南省农业厅统计资料和广大气象、农业科技工作者的田间调查资料,系统分析冻害发生前的气候条件、发生时的灾害天气过程、冬小麦不同生育期生理生化过程与气候适应性。[结果]从冬小麦播种至冻害发生期间温度持续偏高,冬小麦生育期提前,生长发育和生理生化过程加快,植株抗寒能力降低,是造成冬小麦大面积冻害的基本原因;2次强降温天气过程气温下降幅度大、持续时间长是造成冬小麦冻害的直接气候因子;农业生产技术变化等因素对冬小麦冻害起到一定作用。[结论]气候变暖背景下,冻害等自然灾害多发,生产上应选用产量、品质、抗逆性综合性状优良的冬小麦品种,并适当调种播期,减少灾害损失。