水体重金属污染评价方法对比研究——以扎龙湿地湖水为例

采用对权重公式进行发展的模糊综合评价模型对仙鹤湖湖水重金属污染状况进行了评价和分析,并与灰色关联分析法、分级评价法、内梅罗指数法和单因子指数法进行了评价结果的比较,其中前3种方法的评价结果整体趋势是基本一致的。与实际情况对比表明,模糊综合法和分级评价法评价结果概率分布比较客观真实地反映了整体湖水水质状况,因此模糊综合法对评价对象的整体质量状况评价结果明显。基于评价结果进行了蒙特卡罗（MC）预测,参考各方法的评价结果的蒙特卡罗预测值和湖水水质实际情况,满足湖水评价参数的概率为74.87%,即扎龙湿地仙鹤湖湖水整体水质为Ⅱ级,同时有向Ⅲ级转化的趋势。扎龙湿地仙鹤湖营养状态级别为中度富营养。     

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.     

土壤优先流运动的活动流场模型分形特征参数计算

活动流场模型分形特征参数控制着优先流的产生和发展,因此准确获得活动流场模型分形特征参数值对提高模型的模拟预测精度具有重要意义。该研究采用染色示踪方法,将优先流流场从流动背景中显示出来,通过数字图像分析和采样分析获得优先流流场和流场内土壤含水率的分布模式,根据活动流场模型本构方程拟合活动流场模型分形特征参数值;针对3种常见的入渗后染色区内土壤含水率分布模式,分别提供了相应的活动流场模型分形特征参数的计算方法。研究结果显示,1）由于入渗后土壤水重分布的影响,活动流场区域和染色区域在整个入渗深度范围并不完全重合,因此仅可选择活动流场与染色区域相重合深度范围内受土壤初始含水率影响较小的数据来拟合活动流场模型分形特征参数值;2）土壤质地对入渗后染色区内土壤含水率的分布模式有显著影响,细质地土壤中入渗后染色区土壤含水率沿入渗方向逐渐减小,粗质地土壤中入渗后染色区土壤含水率沿入渗方向先增大后减小。     

四种入渗模型对斥水土壤入渗规律的适用性

土壤斥水性影响入渗,进而影响作物产量。国外学者进行了一定的研究,但在中国研究的还很少。该文基于实测资料探讨几种常规的入渗模型在斥水土壤中的适用性。采用室内土柱进行积水入渗试验,对比了不同积水高度和斥水度条件下的土壤入渗规律,并采用4种模型分析了土壤入渗率变化特征。结果表明,累积入渗量随入渗历时的变化可用幂函数描述,不斥水土壤累积入渗量明显大于斥水土壤;累积入渗量与湿润锋推进距离呈良好的线性关系;利用Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型、Kostiakov公式和指数公式对入渗率与入渗历时间的关系进行拟合,其中Kostiakov公式更接近于实测值,其他模型拟合效果因斥水程度等因素的不同而异。     

Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋复合条件下Cd^2＋在陕西5种土壤中的吸附

通过平衡吸附的方法,研究了Cd2＋在单一及与Cu2＋、Zn2＋复合条件下,在陕西塿土、黄绵土、黑垆土、黄褐土、砂土5种土壤中的吸附特征,并通过多重相关分析探讨了其吸附机制。结果表明,在20、30℃条件下,Cd2＋在各供试土样中吸附等温线总体上呈H或L型等温线形式,黑垆土对Cd2＋总是吸附最强,而砂土的吸附总是最弱;Cd2＋吸附的温度效应呈现升温负效应特征,塿土土样中,Cu2＋的共存对其温度效应影响较大,而在其他4种土样中Zn2＋的共存具有较大影响;Cu2＋、Zn2＋的共存均降低了Cd2＋的吸附量,具有显著的拮抗作用;Freundlich模型是描述Cd2＋吸附等温线最佳模型。相关分析结果表明,Cd2＋在土壤中的吸附主要以电性引力吸附为主,Cu2＋的共存主要和其与土壤有机质之间的络和吸附等化学吸附作用有关,因此其对Cd2＋以化学竞争性吸附的影响相对较弱,而Zn2＋共存吸附与Cd2＋吸附机制类似,因此表现出Zn2＋共存对Cd2＋吸附影响较大的特点。     

宁波土壤中多环芳烃的健康风险评价

以宁波地区土壤中多环芳烃的含量调查结果为基础,采用美国能源部风险评估信息系统的暴露量化方法和美国环保局健康风险评估手册的风险表征方法,评估了土壤中16种多环芳烃对户外劳作者的健康风险。结果表明,宁波户外劳作者由于土壤中多环芳烃引起的平均非致癌危害指数为1.09×10-5,平均致癌风险值为3.17×10-7,可判定对人体健康的危害较小。宁波地区致癌多环芳烃含量最高暴露点致癌风险值为1.45×10-6,没有超过致癌风险水平上限（10-4）,说明致癌风险尚在可接受范围内。多环芳烃中苯并（a）芘对综合致癌风险贡献最大,贡献率高达65.6%,应注意防范土壤中该污染物引起的健康危害。宁波户外劳作者受到的非致癌危害和致癌风险主要由直接摄入途径和皮肤接触途径贡献,两种途径对非致癌危害和致癌风险贡献率分别达到89%和100%,呼吸摄入引起的非致癌危害和致癌风险则相对较小。     

模拟酸雨胁迫对赤红壤磷素形态特征的影响

通过田间小区模拟酸雨实验,研究酸雨胁迫下赤红壤不同磷素形态变化的方向和程度。结果表明,原位模拟酸雨影响下,一定强度（pH≥4.0）的酸雨胁迫能有效促进有效磷的释放,而当pH〈4.0强度酸雨胁迫时有效磷的释放随pH值降低逐渐受到抑制。随酸雨酸度的增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶和微生物量磷均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,可见一定强度酸雨胁迫能促进溶磷微生物和磷酸酶活性,而当高强度酸雨胁迫时土壤微生物活动逐渐受到抑制。无机磷组分中Al-P、Ca-P和Fe-P含量均随酸雨酸度的增强而降低,土壤O-P含量没有显著变化。相关分析发现,有效磷含量与微生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶呈极显著正相关,表明此时土壤有效磷变化与有机磷矿化关系最为密切。有效磷含量与各种形态无机磷（Al-P、O-P、Ca-P和Fe-P）含量之间也有较强的正相关性,表明土壤生态系统磷素转化是一个自我调节的动态平衡过程,且在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

稻田沟渠-湿地系统的碳氮稳定同位素组成特征

由于稳定同位素在特定污染源中具有特定的组成,在污染物质迁移转化过程中作为示踪剂而广泛应用。针对目前农业面源污染较为严重的现状,该文利用碳氮稳定同位素研究了灌区内外源物输入对稻田沟渠-湿地系统的贡献。结果表明,水中颗粒性有机物(particulate organic matter,POM)由于受到光照、营养物质不同导致POM在各采样点组成不同,δ13C变化范围较大,均值为-27.8‰,与大型水生植物和浮游植物接近,此类植物可能是POM的主要来源。水中δ13CDIC(dissolved inorganic carbon,DIC)与浮游植物呈线性相关,浮游动物δ13C与浮游植物存在一定相关性,而浮游植物与POM之间不存在显著性差异,说明研究区内浮游动物对內源有机碳的利用主要是取食浮游植物低持斜聿愠粱?δ13C值变化范围在-27.2‰～-21.8‰之间,明显高于水体POM含量,说明表层沉积物存在比颗粒有机物更富集碳的藻类与陆源碎屑等物质。各采样点颗粒有机物δ15N值的范围3.1‰～4.2‰,平均值为3.6‰,其中湿地δ15N高于其他采样点。沉积物δ15N平均值为-0.6‰,与大气中N2较为接近。     

干湿效应下崩岗区岩土抗剪强度衰减非线性分析

发育于花岗岩的崩岗侵蚀区红土受干湿变化影响显著。通过室内直剪试验,研究了不同干湿效应对崩岗侵蚀区岩土抗剪强度衰减的影响。试验处理采用5种干湿效应水平(风干48h、风干24h、自然含水率、浸30s和浸60s)。结果显示:土壤黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ随干湿变化呈非线性衰减趋势,当土壤含水率13%左右时,对应的抗剪强度指标出现峰值;峰值强度前符合线性递增规律,峰值强度后符合一阶指数衰减规律。在风干阶段,抗剪强度主要受裂隙性影响,而在增湿阶段,基质吸力是影响抗剪强度的主要因素;探讨了干湿循环效应对崩岗侵蚀发育的影响。     

运用土壤水盐运移模型优化棉花微咸水膜下滴灌制度

为优化设计棉花微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度,利用HYDRUS建立含根系吸水项的土壤水盐运移数值模拟模型,并用田间试验资料进行参数识别和模型验证。用验证认可的数值模型优化设计棉花微咸水膜下滴灌和非生育期洗盐灌溉制度,并预测棉花生育期水盐运移规律和长期效应。结果表明:模型仿真度较高、运行速度较快;T检验说明土壤含水率和电导率模拟值与实测值均无显著差异;模型参数中形状系数α、n对含水率影响较大,纵向弥散度DL对电导率影响较大;当地膜下滴灌适合生育期一膜双管、低额高频灌溉,并结合非生育期1年1次或2年1次大水漫灌洗盐,20a的模拟结果显示此灌溉制度下不会引起土壤次生盐渍化。