Differences in swimbladder volume between Baltic and Norwegian spring-spawning herring: Consequences for mean target strength

Fish swimbladders, where present, contribute most to the scattering of sound by fish, as measured by the target strength (TS). The volumes of the swimbladders of two different European stocks of Atlantic herring were compared to consider the effect on estimates of TS. Swimbladder volumes of Baltic and Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) were measured, together with individual herring fat content. Swimbladder volumes were found to differ significantly between the two herring stocks. Baltic herring have a larger swimbladder volume, which is suggested to be associated with the fish's low fat content, which in turn may be linked to its specific energy budget and the low salinity of the Baltic Sea. A buoyancy model that considered the different salinity conditions and fat proportions was used to evaluate the observed differences in swimbladder volume. The swimbladder volume data were subsequently used to model the mean target strength as a function of depth and growth pattern. Backscattering of the swimbladder was modelled using the modal-series-based deformed-cylinder model (MSB-DCM), describing the swimbladder as a gas-filled, elongated prolate spheroid. The fish body component was modelled as a fluid-filled ellipsoid using the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA). Modelling results support a different TS-to-size relationship for Baltic herring, with a stronger echo, due to the larger swimbladder. Depth- and length-dependent TS relationships based on the model results are suggested.     

不同小麦品种(系)抗倒伏性状多样性分析

为了综合评价不同小麦材料的不同生育时期抗倒性,明确影响小麦倒伏的关键因素,以147份我国育成的主推小麦品种及新育成的小麦品种（系）为研究对象,在开花期、灌浆期和乳熟期测定其10个倒伏性相关性状,并利用主成分分析和聚类分析法对这些小麦材料抗倒性进行综合评价。结果表明,10个抗倒伏相关性状在不同基因型间、气候因素间及生育时期间均存在显著的变异;在不同生育时期,性状间的相关性基本一致,均表现为基部茎节壁厚度、实心度、茎秆强度对小麦的抗倒伏性具有一定的积极作用,株高、重心高度、基部茎节长度、髓腔直径具有一定的消极作用。主成分分析显示,茎秆强度是影响植株抗倒性的最关键性状。基于三个生育时期主成分的综合因子得分的聚类分析显示,有70份材料的综合抗倒性优良,其中部分新育成小麦材料抗倒性表现优异,可作为小麦强秆抗倒改良育种资源使用。     

原花色素对鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性影响

为探究一种新型天然食品添加剂研发的可行性,本研究向鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白中添加适量的原花色素,通过流变学、红外与拉曼检测、低场核磁和质构分析等方法,分析原花色素对凝胶形成时与随时间的变化的影响。结果表明:1)当原花色素添加量为0.05~0.20 g/kg时,蛋白凝胶有更好的保水性,并可更长时间保存更多的不易流动水和自由水;2)原花色素的添加提高了凝胶β折叠的浓度,使得凝胶具有更加稳定的二级结构;3)原花色素的添加提高了凝胶的粘弹性,使得凝胶具有紧实的质感,更大的密度和更致密的孔径;4)原花色素的添加提高了凝胶整体的抗氧化水平,使得凝胶在长时间存放中具有更稳定的生物学特性。综上,原花色素的添加可以有效提高肌原纤维蛋白的生物稳定性,在储存时可更好的保护其生物活性,可对未来的食品添加剂提供新思路。     

不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应

采用淹灌、间歇灌2种灌溉模式与不施氮肥、含氮复合肥、缓控释氮肥、有机无机氮肥4种施肥模式配成8个处理开展水稻种植田间试验,研究了不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应。结果表明:指数模型能较好地描述不同灌溉施肥模式下的土壤收缩过程与土壤膨胀过程;各模式下土壤干缩特征曲线与湿胀特征曲线指数模型中的a值(干土的比容积,即干土体积质量的倒数)和b值(单位含水量变化时土壤比容积变化的自然对数单位值)存在差异;土壤干缩曲线与湿胀曲线不完全重合,二者的b值及其差异也不同,存在滞后现象;土壤湿胀干缩效应受多种土壤性质的影响,其中主要通过土壤孔隙结构与持水性质的影响体现。     

季节性冻融对色季拉森林土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

为分析季节性冻融对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以藏东南色季拉山森林土壤为研究对象,通过野外控制性试验利用湿筛法测定团聚体组成,分析了0—10 cm, 10—20 cm, 20—30 cm深度土层各粒径团粒结构变化,以及土壤含水量(SWC),0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSA)、平均质量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD)、分形维数D、可蚀性K值各指标之间的关系。结果表明：(1)季节性冻融导致大团粒含量减少,小团粒含量增加,土壤结构失调。(2)含水量是影响团聚体稳定性的重要因素之一。(3)季节性冻融作用整体上导致MWD,GMD变小,D值与K值变大,降低了土壤团聚体稳定性。(4)当土壤冻融次数在一定范围内STF-One中,WSA有所增加,土壤稳定性有所增强。(5)土壤团聚体WSA,MWD和GMD均与D值和K值呈负相关。(6)在SFT-Ys类型土壤中土壤结构变化,0.5 mm粒级是重要临界点。综上,研究为季节性冻融对土壤稳定性的影响提供数据支持,为冻土潜在受侵蚀情况提供理论依据。     

不同前处理方法对秸秆金属元素原子吸收光谱分析结果的影响

秸秆中金属元素是关系农作物秸秆科学利用的重要组成部分,目前还没有统一的秸秆中金属元素原子吸收光谱(atomic absorption spectroscopy,AAS)测定方法标准,该研究采用原子吸收光谱测定黄芪(GBW10028)标准物质、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和棉花秸秆中金属元素含量,比较了不同前处理方法对样品中K、Cu、Fe、Zn和Mg分析结果的影响。结果表明:微波消解、干法灰化和湿法消解测定黄芪(GBW10028)标准物质中金属元素含量差异性显著(P<0.05),微波消解比干法灰化、湿法消解准确度高。微波消解对玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和棉花秸秆中各金属元素的影响与黄芪(GBW10028)标准物质趋于一致。微波HNO3与微波HNO3-H2O2测定结果差异性不显著(P>0.05),微波HNO3比微波HNO3-H2O2和微波HNO3-H2SO4测定结果稳定。微波HNO3是进行秸秆样品金属元素含量测定时较准确简便的前处理方法。     

三种护坡植物根-土复合体抗剪强度比较

以紫穗槐、胡枝子及狗牙根根系及其与土壤构成的根-土复合体为研究对象,通过对根-土复合体的室内直剪试验,比较分析了不同物种根系和不同含根量对根-土复合体的抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,根系的存在提高了土体的抗剪强度,根-土复合体的抗剪强度随着含根量的增加而增大,但当含根量达到一定值时根-土复合体的强度增加并不明显,即存在最佳含根量范围;与无根扰动土相比,根-土复合体内摩擦角无显著变化,但显著提高了黏聚力,其中紫穗槐、胡枝子、狗牙根黏聚力平均增幅分别为47.5%,39.2%和38.9%;紫穗槐、胡枝子和狗牙根根-土复合体对土壤的抗剪强度影响不同。在水土流失区种植乔灌木物种能有效增加坡体稳定性,降低土壤侵蚀。     

不同植被类型根系提高浅层滑坡土体抗剪强度的试验研究

通过对裸地、扭黄茅草地、车桑子灌木林地和桉树林地四种不同植被类型、不同深度土壤在天然含水量情况下的直剪试验，研究了植被类型对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响。结果表明，植被具有提高非饱和土抗剪强度的作用，黏聚力增加较大，内摩擦角增加相对较小；土层越深，土壤抗剪强度提高的程度越小。     

Correlation between earthworms and plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico

Earthworms are recognized to play an important role in the decomposition of organic materials. To test the use of earthworms as an indicator of plant litter decomposition, we examined the abundance and biomass of earthworms in relation to plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico. We collected earthworms at 0–0.1 m and 0.1–0.25 m soil depths from upland and riparian sites that represent the natural variation in soils and decomposition rates within the forest. Earthworms were hand-sorted and weighed for both fresh and dry biomass. Earthworms were dominated by the exotic endogeic species Pontoscolex corethrurus Müller; they were more abundant, and had higher biomasses in the upland than in riparian sites of the forest. Plant leaf litter decomposed faster in the upland than riparian sites. We found that earthworm abundance in the upper 0.1 m of the soil profile positively correlated with decomposition rate of plant leaf litter. Ground litter removal had no effect on the abundance or biomass of endogeic earthworms. Our data suggest that earthworms can be used to predict decomposition rates of plant litter in the tropical wet forest, and that the decomposition of aboveground plant litter has little influence on the abundance and biomass of endogeic earthworms.     

植物根系对土壤侵蚀控制机理的研究

介绍了近年来植物根系对土壤侵蚀控制机理的研究进展。在水文效应和机械效应两个方面,植物根系通过增强土壤的抗冲性、渗透能力、抗剪强度以及根系网的固土功能提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力。