沙棘在砒砂岩区小流域冻融风化侵蚀中的作用

通过对砒砂岩区西召沟小流域冻融风化侵蚀实测资料的分析,认为砒砂岩区冻融风化侵蚀主要发生在裸露沟谷坡面,其冻融风化侵蚀与砒砂岩的种类有关。与同种砒砂岩相比,种植沙棘7年后,支沟上、中、下游的坡面冻融风化侵蚀模数平均从11748t/km2降为3535t/km2,降低69.9%。单位长度沟沿线与沟角线和的冻融风化侵蚀量平均从0.0974m3/m降为0.004m3/m,降低95.9%。冻融风化侵蚀量占整个沟道总产沙量的百分比上游从76.1%降到52.6%,下游从6.4%升到13.2%。可见沙棘在防止冻融风化侵蚀方面的作用是非常明显的。     

汉江上游郧县一级阶地发育土壤的诊断层特征及分类

阐明秦岭南侧北亚热带环境中以黄土为母质所发育土壤的诊断层特征及其对土壤分类的意义。选择位于汉江上游郧县前坊村的一级河流阶地土壤剖面为研究对象,对其粒度、磁化率、元素、矿物及结构进行了研究。结果表明,汉江河谷分布的土壤具有A-AB-Bt1-Bt2-BC-C剖面形态;Bt层具有“黏化层”的标志特征,并呈现黏磐的诊断特征,其黏化程度与中国典型黏磐湿润淋溶土有良好的可比性;黏土矿物以伊利石为主,少量高岭石,风化程度处在脱钙作用的后期阶段,尚未出现显著的富铝作用,达到中等成壤的强度;土壤类型可归为黏磐湿润淋溶土。     

Characteristics of the soils developed under broad-leaved evergreen forests in okinawa prefecture and the kinki district with special reference to their pedogenetic processes

Abstract

Properties of sesquioxides, clay mineralogical composition, and charge characteristics of the soils developed under broad-leaved evergreen forests in Okinawa Prefecture (subtropical climate) and the Kinki District (warm temperate climate) were studied with special reference to their pedogenetic processes in order to reexamine the corresponding parameters of Brown Forest soils and related soils in Japan.

The soils in Okinawa Prefecture were characterized by a higher degree of weathering as compared to the soils in the Kinki District. Major differences involved the values of the Fed/Fet ratio for the soil samples throughout the profile, and those of the ratios of (Fed-Feo)/Fet, CEC/clay, and (Feo + Alo)/ clay and the content of CaO plus Na₂O for the B horizon. The soils in the Kinki District did not show andic soil properties, nor Al translocation in the profile and, both of which were characteristic of Brown Forest soils developed under cool temperate climatic conditions at high altitudes in the same District.

The difference in the degree of weathering were reflected on the charge characteristics at the very surface of the soils, i.e., the surface of the particles of the soils in Okinawa Prefecture exhibited a lower reactivity as compared with those of the soils in the Kinki District.     

Relationships among soil p test values for soils of differing pedogenesis

Abstract

Surface samples of 78 soils from the continental U.S. and Puerto Rico were obtained from the U.S. Soil Conservation Service National Soil Survey Laboratory. Phosphorus was extracted by the Bray PI (0.03N NH₄F in 0.025N HCl), Mehlich No. 1 (0.05N HCl in 0.025N H₂SO₄), and Olsen bicarbonate (0.5N NaHCO₃) tests. Soil chemical, physical, and taxonomic data were obtained from the National Soil Survey Laboratory. On the basis of soil taxonomy and weathering, soils were divided into calcareous, slightly weathered, and highly weathered groups. Linear regression analysis was used to compare obtained soil P test values. Coefficients of determination (r²) ranged from 0.30 to 0.89. The lower coefficients were obtained between Mehlich No.l and Olsen bicarbonate tests, as these extractants were developed for differing soil types. Using independent data sets, the regression equations provided accurate estimates of soil test P by one method from another.     

黄土沉积中钾长石/斜长石比值在不同粒级中的分布

为获得不受粒度分选效应影响的黄土矿物学风化指标,对甘肃西峰和山西吉县黄土-古土壤典型样品分离成9个粒级后进行了X射线衍射测试,分析了不同粒级中钾长石/斜长石比值(K/P比值)的变化规律。研究结果表明,黄土-古土壤中K/P比值受粒度分选效应的影响,细粒级(<1μm,1~2μm)的K/P比值显著高于粗粒级(>2μm);黄土在源区的沉积旋回过程中和沉积区的成壤过程中斜长石都经历了一定程度的化学风化作用,呈现出大陆风化早期阶段特征,并且这种风化作用主要发生在细粒级中,因此,黄土和古土壤(2 um K/P比值能够有效地排除粒度分选效应的影响,直接指示黄土沉积在源区和沉积区风化作用。     

老挝南部Antoun地区花岗闪长岩风化壳中常量和稀土元素分布

应用岩石薄片鉴定、X射线粉晶衍射、X射线荧光光谱和ICP-MS等分析方法,研究了热带季风型气候条件下老挝Attapeu省Antoun地区二叠纪花岗闪长岩上发育的砖红土型风化壳矿物组成、常量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征。结果表明,风化产物呈酸性,风化壳表土上形成薄层硅质壳层,表土中石英含量最高、铁氧化物含量低和高岭石含量低,符合典型的灰化土特征。随着风化作用加强,Fe2O3、TiO2和Al2O3出现富集,K2O、Na2O、CaO和MgO出现淋失。石英出现富集原因可能是雨季降水冲刷和酸性水淋溶掉高岭石等黏土矿物,而旱季SiO2含量上升至地表富集形成硅质薄壳缘故。剖面稀土元素分布型式为轻稀土富集型,∑REE在风化壳中部达到最高值318 mg kg-1,剖面上Ce和Eu均呈正异常-负异常-正异常变化趋势,∑REE最高值出现在Ce和Eu负异常和(Fe2+/Fe3+)较高层位,∑REE与Fe2O3显著正相关。REE富集与铁铝氧化物和黏土矿物吸附有关,也与相对还原的酸性环境有关。     

赛尔矿区松散泥岩巷道支护技术研究

针对赛尔三矿巷道围岩松散、水化风化影响严重的问题,分析了巷道原支护方案存在的问题及影响巷道围岩稳定的主要因素,运用理论分析和数值模拟等手段优化了巷道支护参数,设计了不同围岩条件下的巷道支护方案。现场监测表明,采用优化的支护方案后,巷道表面位移大幅下降,巷道围岩稳定性有了明显提高,巷道支护效果良好。     

Iron Mobilization and Mineralogical Alterations Induced by Iron-Deficient Cucumber Plants (Cucumis sativus L.) in a Calcareous Soil

Dicotyledons cope with ion (Fe) shortage by releasing low-molecular-weight organic compounds into the rhizosphere to mobilize Fe through reduction and complexation mechanisms. The effects induced by these root exudates on soil mineralogy and the connections between Fe mobilization and mineral weathering processes have not been completely clarified. In a batch experiment, we tested two different kinds of organic compounds commonly exuded by Fe-deficient plants, i.e., three organic acids (citrate, malate, and oxalate) and three flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, and genistein), alone or in combination, for their ability to mobilize Fe from a calcareous soil and modify its mineralogy. The effect of root exudates on soil mineralogy was assessed in vivo by cultivating Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) in a RHIZOtest device. Mineralogical analyses were performed by X-ray powder diffraction. The batch experiment showed that citrate and, particularly, rutin (alone or combined with organic acids or genistein) promoted Fe mobilization from the soil. The combinations of rutin and organic acids modified the soil mineralogy by dissolving the amorphous fractions and promoting the formation of illite. These mineralogical alterations were significantly correlated with the amount of Fe mobilized from the soil. The RHIZOtest experiment revealed a drastic dissolution of amorphous components in the rhizosphere soil of Fe-deficient plants, possibly caused by the intense release of phenolics, amino acids, and organic acids, but without any formation of illite. Both batch and RHIZOtest experiments proved that exudates released by cucumber under Fe deficiency concurred to the rapid modification (on a day-scale) of the mineralogy of a calcareous soil.     

Laboratory and environmental decay of wood–plastic composite boards: flexural properties

The flexural properties of wood–plastic composite (WPC) deck boards exposed to 9.5 years of environmental decay in Hilo, Hawaii, were compared to samples exposed to moisture and decay fungi for 12 weeks in the laboratory, to establish a correlation between sample flexural properties and calculated void volume. Specimens were tested for flexural strength and modulus, both wet and dry, at 23°C and 52°C. Some specimens degenerated to only 15% of original flexural strength. UV radiation had no impact on flexural properties of field-exposed boards; loss occurred mainly on the side opposite to the sun-exposed surface. The mechanism of the aging process on colonization of WPC by fungi was examined and is consistent with development of slow crack growth in the polyethylene matrix combined with wood decay by fungi. Wood particle decay, moisture, and elevated temperature were the major factors causing composite degradation, indicated by accumulation of voids and a severe decrease in flexural properties. To simulate long-term field impact (including decay) on WPC flexural properties in the laboratory, conditioning of specimens in hot water for an extended period of time is required. Exposure to water (70°C/5 days) was adequate for simulating long-term composite exposure in Hawaii of 4?×?15?×?86 mm³ specimens.     

Natural weathering of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood treated with epoxidized linseed oil and methyltriethoxysilane

In this study, the effect of natural weathering on the performance of Scots pine sapwood treated with epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) was investigated by measuring water uptake, colour, check propagation and chemical changes. Boards were impregnated in a pilot-scale autoclave under various conditions. After the treatments, pairs of samples were cut from the treated boards and exposed at 45° angle facing south for a long-term test of natural weathering above ground in Uppsala (Sweden). The effect of solar radiation and humidity on the colour changes, water uptake, check propagation and chemical alterations was assessed during 20 months of exposure. The obtained results can serve as indication for the viability of the treatments. Samples impregnated with low retentions of ELO showed similar performance regarding check propagation and moisture uptake as samples with higher retentions. No significant difference between these samples was found regarding colour change which is mainly caused by blue stain fungi on the surface. In opposite, samples treated with MTES exhibited no consistent water uptake and check propagation unproportioned to the applied retentions. The spectra of ELO- and MTES-treated wood after weathering showed a significant decrease of the peak at 1510 cm^?1 indicating delignification of wood surface caused by weathering.