竹粉/聚丙烯发泡复合材料加速老化性能的研究

为改善木塑复合材料密度大、韧性差的缺陷,采用注塑法制备竹粉/聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)发泡复合材料;同时为加强木塑材料的生产和质量管理,采用氙灯加速老化方式,研究老化对发泡复合材料力学性能、材色、流变性能的影响,并采用环境扫描电镜(environmental scanning electronic microscopy,ESEM)和傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrum,FTIR)对材料进行分析。结果表明:历时1 200 h氙灯加速老化后,材料的弯曲强度、弯曲模量和缺口冲击强度的保留率仅分别为79.4%、68.3%和75.6%;产生的色差ΔE*和白度变化值ΔL*分别为49.0和48.4。频率扫描结果显示,老化后,复合材料的模量和黏度下降。ESEM显示,老化后材料表面出现孔洞和裂缝,且部分竹粉暴露在材料表面。FTIR结果表明,老化过程中,复合材料发生了光氧化降解反应。该研究可为进一步探索竹塑发泡复合材料的老化规律,制定产品标准提供试验数据和理论参考。     

Elementary composition of humic acids

The author made a study of the elementary composition of various humic acids; L and SrL humic acids used in the previous report¹⁾, and two lowmoor humic acids.     

农田残膜捡拾机试验研究

选用1FMJSC-80型农田残膜捡拾机,对厚度分别为0.008mm和0.013mm的普通地膜进行田间残膜回收试验,测定残膜捡拾率及缠绕率,对比分析试验数据,得出不同厚度对残膜回收的影响程度。同时,进行了地膜田间监测,测定残膜自然风化率,了解不同时间段内0.008mm、0.013mm普通地膜和可降解地膜的可降解程度,分析得到3种厚度地膜降解程度随时间变化的趋势。通过田间试验,检验1FMJSC-80型农田残膜捡拾机、1FMJ-1000型耙齿式田间残膜捡拾机、横向搂齿式农田残膜回收机及指盘式农田残膜搂集机的田间残膜回收能力,并对比分析4种机型残膜回收效率及优缺点。     

Initial Soil Formation Processes of Volcanogenous Regosols (Scoriacious) from Miyake-jima Island, Japan

In the initial soil formation processes of the Volcanogenous Regosols (Scoriacious) from Miyake-jima Island, Japan, the soil profile morphology showed a distinct formation of the A horizon, about 10 cm thick, over C horizons during a period of 125 years. Along with these soil formation processes under the primary succession of vegetation from bare land to mixed forest, the following changes in the soil characteristics were observed of four study sites where soil formation had occurred over a period of 16, 38, 60 and 125 years in scoriacious volcanic materials ejected during each eruption. Whole soil samples of the surface horizon showed that the proportion of the > 2mm fraction decreased and the clay fraction increased. Electron microscopic observation revealed that pores on the scoria surface were newly formed and had expanded with advanced weathering, and that the formation of a weathering zone on the scoria surface (polygonal shape) was more recognized with the passage of time. Soil pH of the surface horizon decreased, and the amount of carbon in the surface samples showed a linear increase with the passage of time. The amounts of exchangeable bases and the CEC value of the surface samples showed comparable increase rates with time. Consequently, the base saturation percentage was kept at about 100% during the 125-year period. It was suggested that the increase in the amounts of exchangeable bases was controlled by the increase in the amounts of soil organic matter accumulated during the initial soil formation processes of Volcanogenous Regosols (Scoriacious).     

植物根系强化黄土土层化学风化速率的作用

黄土的风化主要为植物群落根系的物理作用及其所引起的生物化学作用。利用原状土柱淋滤实验装置及大型挖掘剖面壁法,在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区进行野外实验研究,定量分析了林、草和农地土壤化学风化的剖面特征及动力学过程。研究结果表明,黄土土层的化学风化具有明显的垂直剖面分异特征,即风化速率随土层深度增加而递减。土壤化学风化的动力学过程可划分为急剧减小和稳定状态两个阶段。不同植被类型土壤风化速率及主导风化矿物组合类型的剖面差异主要受制于直径≤1mm的须根在剖面中的缠绕分布特征。植物根系对土壤风化作用的强化效应为油松林群落>白草群落;油松林群落和白草群落根系显著提高矿物风化速率的稳定土层深度范围分别为0～45cm和0～30cm,有效根密度分别在17根/100cm2和60根/100cm2以上。     

古代砖砌体风化性能分析及风化程度评定

自然界中气温、降水的长期作用导致古代砖砌体风化,风化损伤材料和砌体力学性能。实验采用大气环境实验舱实现自然风化作用人工模拟,根据不同饱水度和冻融次数,实验舱设定了7种非饱水冻融工况,对7种工况影响下的砖、灰浆、砌体抗压、砌体抗剪试件试件强度变化规律进行实验分析。实验表明,饱水度是反映材料冻融性能的重要指标;不同饱水度下的冻融试件强度呈现先升后降的趋势;试件在饱水度为53%的冻融作用下,砌体构件具有最佳抗力;提出古代砖砌体构件风化程度评定标准。实验对古砖砌体结构保护工作具有指导和应用价值,定期评定古塔砌体风化程度,时刻掌握古塔构件结构安全性能的变化规律,科学保护古塔。     

洞庭湖地区红土微量与稀土元素地球化学特征及其环境意义

Trace element (TE) and rare earth element (REE) contents in red soils from the Dongting Lake area of China were determined to understanding the provenance and weathering characteristics of the red soils. The results showed similar REE distribution patterns among red soils from the Dongting Lake area, Xiashu loess from Zhenjiang, loess and the Pliocene red soil from the Loess Plateau. These patterns implied a similar provenance from dust-storms, except for red soil R5 which formed by bedrock weathering and had significant light REE (LREE) enrichment and heavy REE (HREE) depletion due to longer weathering periods and higher intensity of weathering. Trace element, especially the Rb/Sr and Li/Ba ratios, and REE, especially the LREE/HREE ratio and δEu could trace weathering intensity. Higher Rb/Sr, Li/Ba, and LREE/ HREE ratios and negative Eu anomalies were present in the red soil from the Dongting Lake area. The weathering intensity was in the decreasing order of R5 in the Dongting Lake area > red soil from the Dongting Lake area (including reticulate red soil, weak reticulate red soil, and homogeneous red soil formed by dust storms) > Xiashu loess from Zhenjiang > Loess-paleosol and Pliocene red soil from the Loess Plateau. Variations in the TE and REE contents of soil could be effectively used to study the provenance and the weathering intensity.     

室外竹质人造板耐潮湿性能研究

室外自然老化法和5种加速耐潮湿试验方法对2种竹质人造板的物理力学性能均有明显降低,试验结果表明:高温干燥和沸煮对板材性能的影响最显著,对于同一种方法处理后的试件,横向上性能降低幅度比纵向上大,静曲强度较弹性模量降低更为显著。15个月的室外自然老化法试验结果接近于6 h水煮-冰冻-干燥法的试验结果,板材性能随时间延长逐渐降低,但降低幅度逐渐变小,还需放置更长时间进行分析比较,以真正反映竹质人造板的耐潮湿性能。     

Nutrient Supply Rate and Mycorrhizal Colonization Control Patterns of Element Distribution in Ectomycorrhizal Pine

Ectomycorrhizal fungi may provide plants access to nonexchangeable nutrients. We measured nutrients (potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, and aluminum) in roots and foliage in nonmycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris cultured in perlite at two nutrient supply levels. We also measured nutrients in perlite leachates from abiotic experiments using hydrochloric or oxalic acid at pH 2–4. Twenty‐one percent more potassium and 30% more calcium accumulated in nonmycorrhizal plants than in ectomycorrhizal plants, presumably because of nutrient sequestration in extraradical fungal biomass. Plants at low nutrient supply accumulated 22% more potassium and 23% more calcium than at high nutrient supply, presumably because of additional mobilization of nutrients from perlite by plant and fungal acids. Significantly more leaching at pH 2 with oxalic than with hydrochloric acid occurred, probably caused by enhanced ligand‐mediated dissolution with oxalic acid. Leaching of minerals by organic acids may enhance plant nutrient supply, particularly from microsites of low pH.     

Preparation and properties of wheat gluten based bioplastics with fish scale

The objective of this study was to prepare the wheat gluten based bioplastics with fish scale (FS) through compression molding. The tensile strength of the wheat gluten/FS composites (the range of 6.5–7.5 MPa) was higher than that of the neat wheat gluten-based bioplastic (3.40 MPa). There was a good dispersion of the fish scale powder embedded within the wheat gluten matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis results showed that the tan delta max peak height and storage modulus of the wheat gluten-based bioplasic was reduced by adding the fish scale. Moreover, the addition of the fish scale caused a weight loss and the surface of the wheat gluten based bioplastic after 120 h of accelerated weathering were differed from the neat wheat gluten based bioplastic. These results may help to find a new applications for fish scale waste to control the degradation rate of a wheat gluten based bioplastic in the agricultural field.