单波长太阳能灯诱杀栗山天牛

为探索无公害防治栗山天牛Massicus raddei方法,采用303~580 nm中18个单波长太阳能灯于19:30-23:30,分4个时段,在林间开展诱杀研究,筛选诱杀栗山天牛的最佳波长、最适时间、诱杀容器的颜色,比较不同时段诱杀栗山天牛的雌雄性比和对非靶标昆虫的诱杀作用。结果表明:330 nm太阳能灯诱杀栗山天牛的总量(126.7头)和雄虫量(105.3头)最大,340 nm太阳能灯对雌虫的诱杀量(32.7头)最大;20:30-22:30时段诱杀数量最多;诱杀到的栗山天牛在4个时段雌雄性比逐渐增加,整体比为0.37∶1;红色容器的诱杀量最大。330 nm诱虫灯可作为诱杀栗山天牛雄虫的最佳灯具,340 nm灯可作为诱杀栗山天牛雌虫的最佳灯具。     

单波长太阳能灯诱杀铜绿丽金龟

铜绿丽金龟是金龟甲类害虫中发生量最大、危害最严重的种类之一,其分布范围广,危害植物种类多。为了有效控制铜绿丽金龟的危害,使用太阳能板作为电源和303~580nm波段内的18种波长诱虫灯及全光谱对照灯林间诱杀成虫。筛选出诱杀铜绿丽金龟的最佳波长为400nm,最适灯诱时间为20:30-21:30,装水容器颜色应首选绿色。使用筛选出的最佳波长、灯诱时间和装水容器颜色组合开展林间诱杀,可以达到无公害手段压低虫口数量,以及安全有效、绿色环保地控制铜绿丽金龟的目的。     

金银花贮藏过程中绿原酸含量的高光谱无损检测模型研究

绿原酸(chlorogenicacid,CGA)是评价金银花品质的重要指标。为了实现金银花贮藏期间CGA含量变化的快速有效检测,该文采集了500个不同贮藏时间(0～20d)的金银花高光谱图像,构建CGA含量的高光谱检测模型。为了提高模型性能,采用savizky-golay卷积平滑(SG),移动窗口平滑(moving average),标准正态变量(standard normal variable,SNV),基线校正(baseline correction,BC),多元散射校正(multiplicative scatter correction,MSC),正交信号校正(orthogonal signal correction,OSC)6种预处理方法并建立偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)模型,确定SNV方法为最佳预处理方法,其预测集的R2为0.976 6,RMSE为0.271 1%。为了简化校准模型,利用无信息变量消除(uninformative variable elimination,UVE),连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA),竞争性自适应加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)以及UVE-CARS、UVE-SPA等方法对SNV预处理后的光谱提取特征波长。然后,分别基于全光谱数据和所选特征变量数据,建立线性偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和非线性BP神经网络模型。结果表明:UVE-CARS算法可以有效地减少提取变量个数(共提取26个,仅占全光谱范围的3.2%),PLSR和BP模型的预测集R2分别为0.974 6和0.978 4,RMSE分别为0.286 3%和0.250 3%。非线性BP模型预测结果整体优于线性PLSR模型,在BP模型中,UVE-CARS-BP预测精度最高,预测集的R2和RMSE的值分别为0.978 4, 0.250 3%。综上,基于高光谱成像技术建立的SNV-UVE-CARS-BP模型,可以实现金银花贮藏过程中CGA含量变化的快速无损预测。     

不同波长光照对草地贪夜蛾成虫趋光行为及视蛋白表达量的影响

为提高诱虫灯对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的诱集效果,在室内测试了草地贪夜蛾雌雄成虫对390～550 nm 10种不同波长光源的趋光行为反应,以及光刺激对其4种视蛋白基因表达量的影响。结果表明：草地贪夜蛾雌蛾和雄蛾对10种波长光源的趋光率均存在显著差异,其中雌蛾对绿光区510、520 nm和550 nm的趋性较高,趋光率分别为68.5%、65.0%、63.5%;雄蛾对绿光区520 nm及紫光区420 nm的趋性较高,趋光率分别为69.0%和60.5%。雌雄成虫对510 nm和550 nm的趋光率存在显著的性别间差异,但其他供试波长处理下,雌雄成虫的趋光率均无显著的性别间差异。520 nm光源刺激下,雌蛾和雄蛾均表现为3日龄(雌：65.0%;雄：69.0%)和5日龄(雌：59.1%;雄：61.4%)的趋光率最高,而1日龄(雌：41.4%;雄：24.1%)的趋光率最低。雄蛾受520 nm光刺激20 min后,其紫外光敏感蛋白(UV-opsin)基因的相对表达量显著升高,是对照组的3.61倍;但长波敏感蛋白1(LW-opsin1)、长波敏感蛋白2(LW-opsin2)...     

Photolysis of Diuron

The major photoproducts observed in the photolysis of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] ( 2 ) in aqueous solution resulted from a heterolytic substitution of chlorine by OH (photohydrolysis). A wavelength effect was observed: at 254 nm the formation of 3-(4-chloro-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea ( 3 ) accounted for more than 90% of the conversion, whereas when the solution was irradiated in ‘black light’ (85% of photons emitted at 365 nm, about 7% at 334 nm), the major photoproduct was 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea ( 4 ). The presence of methanol favoured the photoreduction into 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea ( 5 ). Completely different reactions were observed when 2 was irradiated in dry aerobic conditions on silica. They resulted from elimination or oxidation of methyl groups. The main photoproducts initially formed were 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl urea ( 6 ) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-formyl-1-methylurea ( 7 ). In the second stage ( 6 ) was transformed into (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-urea ( 8 ) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-formylurea ( 9 ); some other minor products such as monuron ( 1 ) were also identified. The formation rate of 6 and 7 was much slower on clay (montmorillonite or kaolin) than on silica. In contrast with products 6 and 8 , the formation of 7 and 9 needed the presence of oxygen: they did not appear when diuron was irradiated in deoxygenated C₂Cl₃F₃. It can be concluded that the photolysis of diuron is highly dependent on the conditions of irradiation. © 1997 SCI.     

基于傅里叶变换近红外光谱的籽棉含水率无损检测

为了实现对籽棉含水率的快速、无损检测,该研究采用傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术建立籽棉含水率定量检测模型。首先探究了籽棉样本密度对于光谱曲线的影响,该研究发现样本密度大小对光谱曲线影响显著,密度越小光谱信号越强,当样品密度不低于0.088 6 g/cm³时,光谱曲线变化趋于平稳。通过采集籽棉样本在3 900～11 000 cm^-1波数范围的吸光度光谱数据,并应用了9种预处理方法对原始光谱数据进行处理。发现一阶导数结合消除趋势(first derivative-detrending,FD-DT)预处理方法在偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)模型建立时表现最佳。使用了竞争自适应重复加权法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)、信息增益法(information gain,IG)、连续投影法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)和相关系数(correlation coefficient,CC)等算法,来获...     

Advances in insect phototaxis and application to pest management: a review

Many insects, especially nocturnal insects, exhibit positive phototaxis to artificial lights. Light traps are currently used to monitor and manage insect pest populations, and play a crucial role in physical pest control. Efficient use of light traps to attract target insect pests is an important topic in the application of integrated pest management (IPM). Phototactic responses of insects vary among species, light characteristics and the physiological status of the insects. In addition, light can cause several biological responses, including biochemical, physiological, molecular and fitness changes in insects. In this review, we discuss several hypotheses on insect phototaxis, factors affecting insect phototaxis, insect‐sensitive wavelengths, biological responses of insects to light, and countermeasures for conserving beneficial insects and increasing the effect of trapping. In addition, we provide information on the different sensitivities to wavelengths causing positive phototactic behavior in > 70 insect pest and beneficial insect species. The use of advanced light traps equipped with superior light sources, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), will make physical pest control in IPM more efficient. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

南丰蜜桔可溶性固形物近红外特征波段选择

探讨了在350～1 800 nm波段范围内不同光谱预处理方法对提高模型预测能力和稳定性的作用,但其效果不如间隔偏最小二乘法显著.通过间隔偏最小二乘特征波段选择方法,确定了南丰蜜桔可溶性固形物特征波段为:642～787 nm、861～1 006 nm、1 080～1 152 nm和1 226～1 371 nm.采用30个未参与建模的南丰蜜桔样品,预测特征波段建模模型,预测模型的相关系数为0.95,预测均方根误差为0.55°Birx.结果表明:近红外光谱技术结合间隔偏最小二乘特征波段选择方法,可以提高南丰蜜桔可溶性固形物无损检测数学模型预测能力和稳健性.     

植物有效生长波段光照检测设备设计

光照是影响光合作用最主要的因素,而植物对于自然光的吸收是具有选择性的,只有特定波段的光谱能被吸收利用。为实现对植物光合作用有效光照范围的精确测量以及数据的实时获取与处理,设计了一种适于农业生产使用、能精确检测植物光合作用有效波段的光照检测设备。设备以单片机为核心,采用定滤光片分波段滤光的方式对光照传感器进行修正,实现了对植物在光合作用中所需光因子强度的测量;同时,支持以RS232串口数据传输、SD卡现场数据存储的数据通信和存储等功能。实验证明,本设计可实现上述功能,检测误差在5%之内,满足使用要求。     

基于近红外高光谱的梨叶片炭疽病与黑斑病识别

针对梨炭疽病和黑斑病发病症状很相似,难以区分,导致实际生产中不便对症施药的问题,以砀山酥梨叶片为研究对象,探究利用高光谱技术来识别梨叶片炭疽病与黑斑病的可行性.首先,运用高光谱成像系统采集砀山酥梨正常叶片、炭疽病叶片和黑斑病叶片的高光谱图像,提取图像的平均光谱反射率.采用多元散射校正法(Multiplicative s...