不同退耕模式下土壤水稳性团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对退耕还茶地和退耕还林地土壤水稳性团聚体及其有机碳分布特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）不同土层退耕还茶地土壤各粒径水稳性团聚体占总团聚体的比例均以〈0.25mm的含量最大,且与其他粒径间存在极显著差异;除2～1mm粒径外,退耕还茶地土壤与退耕还林地同粒级水稳性团聚体含量差异不显著。（2）0-20cm土层,团聚体的平均重量直径和平均几何直径表现为退耕还林较退耕还茶大,虽退耕还茶地破坏率与退耕还林的差异不显著,但退耕还茶地土壤团聚体破坏率高于退耕还林地的;20-40cm土层结果与之相反。（3）0-20cm土层,退耕还茶地随着水稳性团聚体粒径的减小土壤有机碳含量呈先减少,再增加,然后减少,最后增加的变化,且退耕还茶地土壤有机碳含量较退耕还林的高;20-40cm土层,退耕还茶地随着水稳性团聚体粒径的减小土壤有机碳含量呈先减少,再增加,最后减少的变化,除0.5～0.25mm和〉5mm这2个粒级外,退耕还茶地土壤有机碳含量较退耕还林的低。     

不同管理方式对黑土农田根际土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

以长期定位试验为平台,采集草地(GL)、作物轮作(当季作物为大豆,RS)和连作(玉米、大豆、小麦连作,CM,CS,CW)共5个样地的根际土壤样品作为实验处理,通过对根际土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的研究,旨在阐明不同植被覆盖与作物轮作—连作对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明,土壤有机碳以如下顺序递减:GL>CS>CM>RS>CW;土壤全氮含量以如下顺序递减:GL>CS>CM>CW>RS。农田经过20年的生态恢复,植被演替成为草地,土壤有机碳含量比农田各处理平均高出7.8%。水稳性大团聚体(WSA_(>0.25mm))质量分数以如下顺序递减:GL>CM>RS>CS>CW,草地WSA_(>0.25mm)的质量分数比农田平均高出18.0%。WSA_(>0.25mm)有机碳含量与土壤总有机碳含量呈显著正相关(r=0.89,p<0.05)。从草地到农田各处理WSA_(>2mm)与其WSA_(>0.25mm)的变化趋势基本一致。WSA_(>2mm)有机碳含量与平均重量直径(MWD)呈极显著正相关(r=0.99.p<0.01),对土壤团聚体的稳定性具有重要作用。根密度与WSA_(>0.25mm)、WSA_(>2mm)质量分数及有机碳含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与MWD的相关性也达极显著水平(r=0.97,p<0.01),表明植物根系在水稳性大团聚体的形成与稳定过程中起着重要作用。     

Yield, Boll Distribution and Fibre Quality of Hybrid Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as influenced by Organic and Modern Methods of Cultivation

India is the largest cotton‐growing country (8.9 million hectares) in the world and most of the area is rain‐dependent. Large amount of pesticides are used for the control of sucking pests and lepidopterans. Increasing demand for clean organic fibre has led to an interest in organic cotton. However, information on the effects of organic cultivation on fibre quality is limited. Seed cotton yield and fibre quality (length, strength, micronaire and uniformity) were determined for an organic and modern method of cultivation during 3 years (2002–2003 to 2004–2005) of a 11‐year (1994–1995 to 2004–2005) study. Vertical and horizontal distribution of bolls on a cotton plant was also determined in 2003–2004 and 2004–2005. At the end of year 11, soil samples were collected and analysed for soil organic carbon content, water‐stable aggregates (%), and mean weight diameter. Averaged over 3 years, an additional 94 kg seed cotton ha^?1 was produced in the organic over the modern method of cultivation and the difference was significant. The year × treatment interaction was significant. Seed cotton yield in the organic plots was significantly greater than the modern method of cultivation plots in 2003–2004 because of a well‐distributed normal rainfall and low pest incidence. The main stem nodes 13–22 accounted for the largest numbers of bolls present on the plant. Plants of the organic plots had significantly (37–71 %) more bolls on nodes 13–27 than those for the plants of the modern method of cultivation. Lateral distribution of bolls on a sympodial (fruiting) branch, was noticed up to fruiting point 11. However, treatment differences were not significant. With regard to fibre quality (length, strength, fineness and uniformity), differences between years were significant. Inferior quality fibre was produced in 2004–2005 because of delayed planting and early cessation of rain. On average, cotton grown under organic conditions compared with the modern method of cultivation had significantly better fibre length (25.1 vs. 24.0 mm) and strength (18.8 vs. 17.9 g tex^?1). Soil samples of the organic plots had significantly greater C content, water‐stable aggregates and mean weight diameter than the modern method of cultivation plots. Differences were restricted to the top layers (0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m). Yield benefits of growing cotton in an organic system over the modern method of cultivation are expected to be greater in years receiving normal rainfall and having low pest incidence.     

渭北旱塬管理措施对冬小麦地土壤剖面物理性状的影响

【目的】研究黄土高原旱作农业区不同施肥覆盖措施对冬小麦地0—40 cm土壤剖面物理性质的影响,可为保持良好的土壤物理性状,探求适合渭北旱塬可持续的田间管理措施提供参考。【方法】基于设在渭北旱塬15年的田间定位试验,选取NP (N 150 kg/hm^2+P 75 kg/hm^2)、NPK (NP+K 30 kg/hm^2)、NPB (NP+biochar 14.0t/hm^2)、NPFFT (NP配合地膜夏闲期覆盖)、NPFGT (NP配合地膜生育期覆盖)和NPFWT (NP配合地膜全年覆盖)共6个处理。于2017年冬小麦收获期采集剖面土样,对0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—30 cm和30—40 cm土层土壤含水量、土壤容重、饱和导水率和水稳定性团聚体等相关土壤物理性质进行测定与分析。【结果】与NP相比,NPK处理降低了收获期0—20 cm土壤容重,增加了耕层土壤总孔隙度和0—40 cm土层> 2 mm水稳定性团聚体含量,0—10 cm土层> 2 mm水稳定性团聚体含量显著提高了1.3倍(P <0.05);NPB处理,收获期耕层土壤容重降低,土壤总孔隙度增加,表层土壤饱和导水率显著降低27.9%,剖面土壤含水量和> 2 mm水稳定性团聚体含量均增加,且表层> 2 mm水稳定性团聚体含量显著提高了1.0倍;NPFFT处理收获期剖面土壤含水量降低,耕层土壤容重增加,总孔隙度降低;NPFGT处理收获期耕层土壤容重和剖面土壤含水量均增加,耕层总孔隙度降低,剖面土壤饱和导水率降低,尤其表层显著降低60.2%;NPFWT处理收获期耕层土壤容重增加,总孔隙度降低,表层土壤饱和导水率降低,但10—40 cm土壤饱和导水率平均提高57.5%,剖面土壤含水量、> 2 mm水稳定性团聚体含量、平均重量直径和几何平均直径均增加。受当地传统耕作深度的影响,不同施肥覆盖措施对土壤容重、饱和导水率和孔隙度的影响主要集中在0—20 cm土层,对20—40 cm土层影响较小。【结论】在氮磷肥配施的基础上,增施钾肥、生物炭和地膜全年覆盖均有利于改善试验农田土壤物理性质,但从经济投入和对土壤物理性状改良程度方面考虑,增施钾肥和地膜全年覆盖这两种处理是保持渭北旱塬良好土壤剖面物理性质的有效措施。     

耕作措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过9a不同耕作的定位试验,研究了深松、旋耕、免耕和传统耕作4种耕作措施对关中塿土小麦-玉米轮作条件下土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,深松、旋耕、免耕措施均提高了0～40cm土层中〉2mm和0.25～2mm大团聚体含量、团聚体有机碳贡献率和团聚体平均重量直径,而传统耕作相应地增加了0～40cm土层中0.053～0.25mm微团聚体和〈0.053mm粘砂粒含量及其有机碳贡献率。同时深松、旋耕、免耕措施提高了各土层总有机碳和耕层0～10cm所有级别团聚体有机碳含量,相比较而言,深松的作用效果更大。秸秆还田进一步提高了各土壤层次上总有机碳和所有级别团聚体的有机碳含量及大团聚体的形成与稳定。在玉米秸秆不还田的条件下,隔年深松比连年深松更有利于0～30cm大团聚体形成及总有机碳和各级别团聚体有机碳的积累。     

红壤区植被恢复团聚体POC变化归因分析

研究植被恢复条件下土壤水稳性团聚体颗粒有机碳的分布特征及影响因素,为退化红壤区生态系统重建与土壤质量改善提供理论依据。在江西省泰和县植被恢复与重建基地,选取立地条件基本一致的马尾松纯林、湿地松纯林、木荷纯林、马尾松补植木荷、湿地松补植木荷、湿地松—木荷原始混交林6种恢复模式,于2019年通过调查取样和试验分析,探索不同植被恢复模式土壤各粒级水稳性团聚体颗粒有机碳(POC agg)、土壤物理化学性质变化特征及相互关系。结果表明:(1)退化红壤以水稳性大团聚体(>0.25 mm)为主(百分比含量为87%),木荷纯林、马尾松补植木荷林土壤大团聚体含量最低。表层(0—10 cm)土壤POC agg受恢复模式影响最显著(P<0.05),以湿地松纯林POC agg含量为最高(14.44 g/kg);(2)土壤物理化学性质因恢复模式的不同而呈显著性差异,其中湿地松补植木荷林下土壤有机质(SOM)、木荷纯林下土壤全氮(TN)、湿地松纯林下土壤全磷(TP)含量分别为最高;(3)人工针叶纯林中团聚体组成对POC agg影响最大,团聚体组成、SOM和TN是影响POC agg的重要因素(P<0.01),且土层越深关联度显著增加(P<0.01);其中微团聚体(<0.25 mm)POC agg受其直接或间接效应均较高,TN在<0.053 mm粒级团聚体POC agg的影响最大。木荷纯林能明显改善土壤结构和肥力,且湿地松对林下土壤养分尤其是POC agg固持能力较高。结合退化红壤区生态修复实践,以湿地松纯林作为先锋树种进行植被恢复,抚育过程中补植木荷可能会更好地改善土壤性质。     

稻虾共作模式下克氏原螯虾对水稻土团聚体特征及有机碳分布的影响

为研究长期稻虾共作模式下克氏原螯虾对水稻土团聚体数量、稳定性以及土壤团聚体有机碳含量、分布的影响,本研究依托始于2014年的长期定位试验,设置冬泡无秸秆还田（W）、冬泡+秸秆还田（WS）和冬泡+秸秆还田+养虾（WSC）3个处理,采集各处理表层土壤样品,分析土壤团聚体及有机碳分布特征。结果表明：土壤水稳性团聚体以>1～2 mm粒级为主,在冬泡条件下秸秆还田处理显著提高了土壤中>2 mm团聚体比例、有机碳含量和有机碳贡献率,且增加了土壤团聚体平均质量直径;相对于冬泡+秸秆还田处理,冬泡+秸秆还田+养虾处理土壤>2 mm和>1～2 mm团聚体比例显著提高了19.8%和6.5%,而0.053～0.25 mm团聚体比例则显著下降了9.2%,且>0.25 mm的团聚体数量、平均质量直径和几何平均直径分别提高了7.8%、20.6%和37.5%。冬泡+秸秆还田+养虾处理的土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳和颗粒有机碳含量较冬泡+秸秆还田处理分别显著提高了6.2%、34.0%和23.1%,且显著提高了<0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳的含量。研究表明,稻虾共作模式下克氏原螯虾养殖促...     

Soil aggregation and aggregate associated organic carbon and total nitrogen under long-term contrasting soil management regimes in loess soil

This study investigated the effects of three contrasting soil management regimes and different nutrient treatments on the distribution of water-stable aggregates(2, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and 0.25 mm) and associated soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) content in loess soil. A 21-yr long-term experiment was performed, in which soil management regimes include cropland abandonment(Abandonment), bare fallow(Fallow) and wheat-fallow cropping(Cropping). Under Cropping, the following nutrient treatments were employed: control(CK, no nutrient input), nitrogen only(N), nitrogen and potassium(NK), phosphorus and potassium(PK), NP, NPK, and manure(M) plus NPK(MNPK). Results demonstrated that Abandonment significantly increased the content of soil macro-aggregates(0.25 mm) and mean weight diameter(MWD) at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil horizons compared with Cropping, whereas Fallow yielded lower values of above two parameters. Abandonment increased SOC and TN contents in all aggregate sizes by 17–62% and 6–60%, respectively, at 0–10 cm soil layer compared with Cropping. Conversely, Fallow decreased SOC and TN contents in all aggregates by 7–27% and 7–25%, respectively. Nevertheless, the three soil management regimes presented similar SOC contents in all aggregates at 10–20 cm soil horizon. Only Cropping showed higher TN content in 0.5 mm aggregates than the two other regimes. Consequently, Abandonment enhanced the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN in 1 mm macro-aggregates, and Fallow promoted these proportions in micro-aggregates compared with Cropping. Under Cropping, long-term fertilization did not affect the distribution of aggregates and MWD values compared with those under CK, except for NPK treatment. Fertilizer treatments enhanced SOC and TN contents in aggregates at all tested soil depths. However, fertilization did not affect the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN contents in all aggregates compared with CK. Comprehensive results showed that different soil management regimes generated varied patterns of SOC and TN sequestration in loess soil. Abandonment enhanced soil aggregation and sequestered high amounts of SOC and TN in macro-aggregates. Long-term amendment of organic manure integrated with NPK maintained soil aggregate stability and improved SOC and TN sequestration in all aggregates in loess soil subjected to dryland farming.     

长期日光温室试验条件下不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体稳定性和铁铝氧化物含量的影响

Soil in greenhouses is likely to suffer a gradual decline in aggregate stability. Determination of the effects of different fertiliser practices on soil aggregate stability is important for taking advantage of solar greenhouses. Soil aggregate stability and iron(Fe) and aluminium(Al) oxide contents were investigated in a 26-year long-term fertilisation experiment in greenhouse in Shenyang, China,under eight fertiliser treatments: manure(M), fertiliser N(FN), fertiliser N with manure(MN), fertiliser P(FP), fertiliser P with manure(MP), fertiliser NP(FNP), fertiliser NP with manure(MNP), and control without any fertiliser(CK). A wet sieving method was used to determine aggregate size distribution and water-stable aggregates(WSA), mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter as the indices of soil aggregate stability. Different fertiliser treatments had a statistically significant influence on aggregate stability and Fe and Al oxide contents. Long-term application of inorganic fertilisers had no obvious effects on the mass proportion of aggregates. By contrast, manure application significantly increased the mass proportion of macroaggregates at the expense of microaggregates. All treatments, with the exception of FNP, significantly increased the stability of macroaggregates but decreased that of microaggregates when compared with CK. Aggregation under MP and MN was better than that under M and MNP; however,no significant differences were found among inorganic fertiliser treatments(i.e., FN, FP, and FNP). A positive relation was found between pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and WSA(r = 0.269), but no significant relations were observed between other Fe and Al oxides and aggregate stability.