四川省洪雅县3种林分的土壤持水与入渗特性

根据2003年7月到2006年12月的实测数据,对四川洪雅县退耕还林还草工程中的3种林分(光皮桦林、苦竹林和撑绿杂交竹林,农耕地作为对照)进行研究。结果表明,3种典型林分森林土壤的非毛管持水量均大于农地;除撑绿杂交竹竹林外,各林分土壤的有效蓄水容量为农地的1.1~2.1倍;3种林分森林土壤持水量、初渗率和稳渗率的顺序为:苦竹林>光皮桦林>农地对照>撑绿杂交竹林;从土壤持水性能和入渗性能看,苦竹的水文功能好于其他林分土壤,而光皮桦林次之,撑绿杂交竹林差。     

Evaluation of some systems for classifying soil sensitivity to acid deposition in the South African highveld

Abstract. The Skokloster and Stockholm Environmental Institute (SEI) approaches were applied to the assessment of 145 soils of the South African highveld region in terms of sensitivity to acid deposition. The critical load class calculated by variants of these methods was compared with the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) determined by pH measurement of soil suspended in a dilute acetate buffer solution. This rapid index of ANC correlates well both with ANC determined by an established but more laborious method which involves titration and equilibration of soil with HCl, and with a number of soil properties related to base status. The correlation between Skokloster or SEI critical load classes and ANC was weak. It was concluded that ANC determination would be a preferable basis for classifying these soils in terms of their sensitivity to acid deposition, since the method is direct and integrates the contribution of various soil properties to acid sensitivity instead of requiring the relative contribution to be calculated according to somewhat arbitrary weightings given to broadly defined classes of soil properties.     

Bacterial community structure and microbial activity in different soils amended with biogas residues and cattle slurry

Anaerobic digestion of organic materials generates residues of differing chemical composition compared to undigested animal manures, which may affect the soil microbial ecosystem differently when used as fertilizers. This study investigated the effects of two biogas residues (BR-A and BR-B) and cattle slurry (CS) applied at rates corresponding to 70 kg NH₄⁺-N ha⁻¹ on bacterial community structure and microbial activity in three soils of different texture (a sandy, a clay and an organic clay soil). 16S rRNA genes were targeted in PCR reactions and bacterial community profiles visualized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. General microbial activity was measured as basal respiration (B-resp), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), specific growth rate (μ_SIR), metabolic quotient (qCO₂) and nitrogen mineralization capacity (NMC). Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis visualized shifts in bacterial community structure related to microbial functions. There were significant differences in bacterial community structure after 120 days of incubation (+20 °C at 70% of WHC) between non-amended (control) and amended soils, especially in the sandy soil, where CS caused a more pronounced shift than biogas residues. Terminal-restriction fragment (TRF) 307, the predominant peak in CS-amended sandy soil, was identified as possibly Bacillus or Streptococcus. TRF 226, the dominant peak in organic soil amended with BR-B, was classified as Rhodopseudomonas. B-resp significantly increased and SIR decreased in all amendments to organic soil compared with the control, potentially indicating decreased efficiency of heterotrophic microorganisms to convert organic carbon into microbial biomass. This was also reflected in an elevated qCO₂ in the organic soil. The μ_SIR level was higher in the sandy soil amended with BR-A than with BR-B or CS, indicating a shift toward species capable of rapidly utilizing glucose. NMC was significantly elevated in the clay and organic soils amended with BR-A and BR-B and in the sandy soil amended with BR-B and CS. Thus, biogas residues and cattle slurry had different effects on the bacterial community structure and microbial activity in the three soils. However, the effects of biogas residues on microbial activities were comparable in magnitude to those of cattle slurry and the bacterial community structure was less affected. Therefore, we do not see any reason not to recommend using biogas residues as fertilizers based on the results presented.     

前推土后挖掘(凿岩)装置的总体设计

介绍了四轮驱动拖拉机的前推土后挖掘(凿岩)装置的总体设计过程,它的开发和研制,拓展了拖拉机的使用性能,弥补了产品季节性较强的不足。     

地基极限承载力的无网格分析

在无网格伽辽金法的基础上,利用应力应变增量形式表征了基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则的土体弹塑性本构关系;在小变形假设的前提下,实现了基于增量本构关系的弹塑性分析的无网格伽辽金法;采用罚参数修正了能量变分方程式,方便地实现了无网格伽辽金法的本质边界条件;并采用Newton-Raphson增量迭代法计算地基土体的极限荷载,其分析结果与静载试验结果吻合较好,验证了本文方法的合理性,进一步拓展了无网格伽辽金法的应用范围.同时与有限元计算结果作了对比研究,体现了无网格法的优越性.     

广华枝的取食量及其防治研究

本文研究了广华枝ＳｉｎｏｐｈａｓｍａｌａｒｇｕｍＣｈｅｎｅｔＣｈｅｎ的食叶量。其一生食叶量为２０．８０２ｇ，其中１～４龄低龄若虫期的食量占其一生食量的３．１３％，５～６（７）龄老龄若虫期的食量占２１．９５％，成虫期的食量占７４．９２％，老龄若虫期和成虫期是主要的危害期，占其一生食量的９６．８７％；并建立了个体食叶量模型、个体日均食量模型及其活动量指数增长模型，分别为Ｘ１＝０．０３９４ｅ０．５９７９Ｘ０，校正Ｒ２＊＊＝０．８９３１；Ｘ２＝２６．５１７６ｅ０．２２３３Ｘ０，校正Ｒ２＊＊＝０．７６７３；Ｘ３＝１．３０９３ｅ０．５００１Ｘ０，校正Ｒ２＊＊０．９４４０，复相关系数平方显著或极显著；胸径为８～１２ｃｍ的寄主，其防治指标为９３．１头，并提出了防治意见。     

Effects of different land use types on infiltration capacity in a catchment in the highlands of Ethiopia

Infiltration capacity is an important variable for understanding and predicting a range of soil processes. This study investigated for different slope positions the effects of forest conversion to cultivation and grazing on soil infiltration capacity. Infiltration capacity was measured in the field in each land use type using a double‐ring infiltrometer. A total of 108 soil samples (3 slope positions × 3 land use types × 4 soil profiles × 3 soil depths) were collected to determine the variables that affect infiltration capacity viz. particle size distribution, organic carbon content, dry bulk density and soil moisture content. The results showed that in the cultivated and grazed land compared with forest, infiltration capacity and soil moisture content were 70 and 45% smaller respectively, and dry bulk density was 13–20% larger. Changes in soil structure caused by surface soil compaction because of tillage and animal trampling coupled with a smaller soil organic carbon content, are likely to be the principal factors causing the decline in infiltration capacity and soil moisture content after conversion of forest to cultivation and grazing.     

Influence of the stage of ripeness on phenolic metabolism and antioxidant activity in table grapes exposed to different CO2 treatments

We have analyzed the influence of the stage of ripeness on L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene expression, accumulation of anthocyanins and total phenolics, and on antioxidant activity in the skin of table grapes treated with 20% CO₂ + 20% O₂ + 60 % N₂ for 3 or 6 d at low temperature (0 °C). The residual effect of high CO₂ treatment after transfer to air was also studied. In early harvested grapes, neither the anthocyanin content nor the accumulation of VcPAL mRNA was affected by any of the CO₂ treatments applied. However, in late harvested grapes, the duration of high CO₂ treatment determined its effect and a 6 d treatment with CO₂ sustained higher levels of total phenolics and anthocyanin accumulation, and VcPAL expression than observed in untreated late harvested grapes. The increased antioxidant capacity was correlated with the total amount of phenolics and anthocyanins. Conversely, in grapes treated for 3 d with CO₂ the phenylpropanoid pathway did not appear to be induced and a relationship between antioxidant activity and anthocyanins was not observed. Thus, further studies are needed to identify the most important antioxidants in these treated fruit.     

重庆市2005年生态足迹与生态承载量研究

以重庆市2005年统计数据为基础，计算生态足迹和生态承载量，计算结果显示该地区人均生态足迹为1．547841hm^2，人均生态承载力为0．368038hm^2，人均生态赤字为1．179803hm^2。与全国平均水平相比，人均生态足迹高0．427841hm^2，人均生态承载力低0．431962hm^2，生态赤字是全国生态赤字的2．95倍。表明重庆市生态经济系统存在严重的生态赤字，必须采取相应措施，才能减少生态系统的压力。     

自由基化学改性氧化石墨烯对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

氧化石墨烯（Graphene Oxide,GO）拥有较大的比表面积和较高的稳定性，可用来吸附水体中的多种污染物，其潜在功能稳定性具有规模化应用前景。考虑到GO在高级氧化体系中结构和形貌会发生改变，探究了经UV/H2O2和UV/过硫酸盐(Persulfate, PS)产生强氧化性自由基的体系处理后所得GOs对亚甲基蓝(Methylene Blue, MB)的吸附性能。氧化性自由基体系光源为300 W中压汞灯，30 mL GO储备液(1 mg/mL)在2种氧化体系下反应1、2、4 h后制得GOs。实验考察了不同反应条件对GOs吸附动力学的影响，傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了GOs氧化前后表面官能团的变化。结果显示，经UV/H2O2, UV/PS氧化1 h后，GOs表面的含氧官能团数量开始明显减少；吸附动力学过程更符合准二级动力学模型（R2>0.999）；吸附热力学过程更符合Langmuir模型，MB饱和吸附量(经UV/H2O2和UV/PS氧化1、2、4 h后分别记G1-1, G1-2, G1-3, G2-1, G2-2, G2-3)依次为580.26, 591.80, 598.63, 521.77, 554.91, 568.00 mg/g。研究表明，GO可以快速吸附较大浓度范围内的MB，且对低浓度染料表现出更好的去除效果；GO对MB的吸附量随着pH值的增加逐渐增大，且在碱性条件下的增加得更明显；经氧化处理后，GOs的吸附性能随着氧化时间的增长，性能减弱，尤其在UV/PS体系中更为显著。