三峡库区万州段投饵网箱养鱼对底泥水化因子的影响

2005年6月至2006年4月对长江三峡库区投饵网箱养殖区上游、网箱养殖区以及网箱养殖区下游底泥中有机物耗氧量、TN、NO3-N、TP、硫化物等指标进行了监测。结果显示,网箱养殖区及网箱下游底泥有机物耗氧量和总磷含量分别高出对照区5.4～6.5 mg/g和0.03～0.08 g/kg,网箱养殖区及网箱下游底泥总氮含量及硝态氮含量分别高出对照区40～80 mg/kg和0.8～1.2 mg/kg,网箱养殖区及网箱下游底层水的硫化物含量平均值分别高出对照区1.3 mg/L和0.11 mg/L。     

养殖水环境中氮的循环与平衡

养殖水环境中，由于人为的介入和影响。使得水体中氮的各种形态转化和循环过程中发生了改变。笔者详细地介绍了养殖水环境中氮的各种存在形态，及其相互之间的转化和循环过程，同时总结了前人研究和提出的各种养殖水环境中氮的物质平衡模型，为优化水产养殖和保护水环境提供科学依据。     

The On-Farm Trials of the Rotational Prawn-Rice Farming in a Semi-Deep Water Area

ABSTRACT

The on-farm trials of rotational rice-prawn farming in a semi-deep water area in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam was carried out in six rice fields (0.7–1.0 ha) to evaluate the production and economic efficiency of using low and high cost feed on prawn culture in paddies at different densities. Two stocking densities of 4 and 5 PL/m² were investigated. Two treatments of feed types (pellets only or a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat) were applied at stocking 4 PL/m². At the treatment of 5 PL/m², prawns were fed a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat. Prawns were stocked in the mid-April and harvested in mid‐November before the next dry season rice crop. Rice farming was started 3 to 5 days after prawn harvesting. By cull harvesting during the culture period, final mean weights of prawn ranged from 47.2 to 57.2 g/prawn and the male:female ratio at harvesting was 2.5:1.0. The prawn yield of treatment 5 PL/m² was highest (630 ± 22 kg/ha). Net profits in treatments using the combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat were 861 ± 193 US$/ha to 1,019 ± 25 US$/ha for the prawn crop and 1,393 ± 71 US$/ha to 1,576 ± 180 US$/ha for the whole system (prawn crop + dry rice crop) and significantly higher than in treatment using pellet only (P < 0.05). Prawns fed on pellets or a combination of pellets and snail meat both offer similar results in terms of production and economics. The dry rice crop offered high cost benefit ratio (2.29–2.33) with low operating cost (414–434 USD/ha) and it made a better use in sustainable rice fields through the rotational rice-prawn system.     

2013年威海南部近岸海域表层海水重金属分布特征及污染评价

于2013年春季、夏季及秋季对威海南部近岸海域表层海水重金属进行调查,分析了重金属含量分布特征并利用重金属综合污染指数(WQI)进行污染评价。采用多元线性回归方法分析了重金属含量与表层海水盐度、pH及化学需要量之间的相关性。结果表明,威海南部近岸海域表层海水水质良好,符合二类海水水质标准,受外源输入的影响较大;综合污染指数均远低于1,呈现从海岸线向外海逐渐降低的趋势;重金属元素含量与环境要素测值(pH、盐度及COD)之间相关性顺序为:As>Hg>Cu>Cd>Pb>Zn。     

网箱养草对养殖水体的净化效果

在室外养殖池塘中进行异育银鲫和网箱养草(菹草)的混养实验,旨在通过监测室外池塘养殖系统中水体主要理化因子,探讨网箱养草对养殖水体主要营养盐的去除效果。结果表明:在本次试验的鱼草共生系统中,网箱养草对水体具有明显的净化效果,能有效去除水体中的N、P等营养性物质。     

海带粗提物及褐藻酸钠寡糖的保湿与抗氧化作用研究

以海带为原料提取海带粗提物,以褐藻酸钠制备古罗糖醛酸寡糖与甘露糖醛酸寡糖,研究比较海带粗提物、褐藻酸钠、古罗糖醛酸寡糖、甘露糖醛酸寡糖及岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的吸湿、保湿性及抗氧化性。试验结果表明,海带粗提物、褐藻酸钠、古罗糖醛酸寡糖及甘露糖醛酸寡糖具有较高的吸湿性与保湿性,且古罗糖醛酸寡糖、甘露糖醛酸寡糖、褐藻酸钠及岩藻聚糖硫酸酯对超氧阴离子和羟基自由基均有较强的清除作用。     

福建街面水库水质现状及浮游生物调查

选择福建省尤溪街面水库两个样点分别于2008年8月-2009年6月对水体石油类、氨氮、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、大肠菌群进行监测,并在2008年8月对水库浮游生物进行调查。结果显示,目前街面水库水质良好,浮游生物以硅藻为主。     

Effects of tidal flat reclamation on sediment quality and hypoxia in Isahaya Bay

• 1. Ariake Bay, which is located in western Japan, has a large tidal range (>6 m) and a vast tidal flat (200 km²). In the early 1990s, the government‐managed Isahaya Reclamation Project began in the western part of Ariake Bay. A 16‐km² area of tidal flat in the inner part of Isahaya Bay was destroyed through reclamation and separated from the sea by a dyke, which created land and a freshwater reservoir.
• 2. Since the initiation of the project, fishery yields around Isahaya Bay have dramatically decreased. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between the work associated with the Isahaya Reclamation Project and the recent environmental deterioration in Ariake Bay, with references to present sediment thickness and organic matter content, and hypoxic water distributions in Isahaya Bay.
• 3. The organic matter load from the reservoir has increased since the initiation of the reclamation project and has been associated with a thick layer of fine sediment at the bottom of Isahaya Bay. The thickness of fine sediment and the total organic carbon content were higher in Isahaya Bay than in the freshwater reservoir.
• 4. Based on measurements in August 2001, hypoxic water spread widely in and around Isahaya Bay; the lowest dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (0.53 mg L^?1) was observed just outside the dyke. An analysis based on a two‐layered box model using data obtained in August 2001 showed that the DO consumption rate in the bottom layer was high (0.61 mg O₂ L^?1 day^?1), and that 22–41% of the total organic carbon load needed to induce the hypoxic water was derived from the reclamation area.
• 5. Our findings strongly suggest that enclosed seas may suffer from eutrophic and hypoxic conditions because of their low seawater‐exchange rate. A comprehensive conservation programme and environmental assessment including physical and material transport processes in the system is needed to manage the environment of the enclosed sea.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2015年靖海湾及五垒岛湾海域表层海水化学要素时空分布特征及潜在富营养化评价

于2015年春季、夏季及秋季3个航次对威海南部靖海湾及五垒岛湾海域进行表层海水水质调查并进行了富营养化评价。结果表明:调查海域表层海水水质符合二类水质标准,受磷限制影响;叶绿素-a春季航次(0.660μg/L)含量偏低,夏季航次(0.808mg/L)达到最高值;溶解氧春季航次(10.711mg/L)高于夏季航次(8.940mg/L)及秋季航次(8.678mg/L),近岸区域出现低值区;无机氮秋季航次(0.146mg/L)最高,活性磷酸盐(0.013mg/L)及化学需氧量(1.316mg/L)夏季航次最高,三者受外源河流输入的影响呈现从近岸区域向外海逐渐降低的趋势;活性硅酸盐主要受海洋本底的影响;夏秋航次在靖海湾河流入海口区域出现富营养化状态。     

不同水流速度对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼自由基代谢的影响

在(25±0.5) ℃下, 设置4个水流速度实验组, 分别为静水对照组0 bl/s(体长/秒)、1.0 bl/s组、2.0 bl/s组和4.0 bl/s组, 研究不同水流速度对中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼肌肉自由基代谢的影响, 训练周期为8周。结果显示, 肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-P_X)的活性随着水流速度的增加而升高, 训练组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性出现不同程度的下降, 而抗氧化物谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量未发生明显变化(P>0.05); 训练组肌肉总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均高于对照组, 2.0 bl/s组最高, 4.0 bl/s组次之, 1.0 bl/s组最低, 且2.0 bl/s和4.0 bl/s组T-AOC与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。8周训练后, 2.0 bl/s组丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于其他3组(P<0.05), 而H₂O₂含量随着水流速度增加呈上升趋势。8周运动训练对骨骼肌B细胞淋巴瘤因子-2 (Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)的含量及血清肌酸激酶(CK)活性无显著影响(P>0.05), 但2.0 bl/s组Bax和Bax/ Bcl-2显著低于4.0 bl/s组(P<0.05)。结果表明, 2.0 bl/s的水流速度可提高中华倒刺鲃肌肉的抗氧化能力, 降低脂质过氧化水平, 并在一定程度上抑制肌细胞凋亡。