防洪堤施工中筑堤粗粒土控制干密度的合理性分析

文章对相对密度控制问题进行分析,并提出几点建议。     

人工浮岛种植水生植物对包头南海湿地水质净化效果研究

【目的】解决包头南海湿地氮磷等营养元素富集的问题,提升包头南海湿地的水质。【方法】于2017年7—9月,在包头南海湿地构筑了一段由3种水生植物单独或混合种植的人工浮岛,并对浮岛的水质进行跟踪监测。【结果】经过92 d的试验处理,风车草对TN的去除效果最好,去除率为36.02%,可以使水体中TN质量浓度提高到地表水Ⅴ类标准;风车草+水葱+千屈菜对TP的去除效果最好,去除率为41.61%,可以使水体中TP质量浓度从地表水Ⅴ类标准提高到Ⅳ类标准;对CODcr去除效果最好的是风车草+水葱+千屈菜,去除率为27.01%。对浮游藻类抑制效果最好的是风车草,可以有效抑制水华束丝藻。【结论】混合植物人工浮岛比单一型人工浮岛去除氮磷等有机物的效果要好,尤以风车草、水葱、千屈菜3种植物混合组成的人工浮岛对氮磷等有机物的效果最好。风车草、水葱、千屈菜可以作为包头南海湿地水体富营养化防治的浮岛栽培植物来进行推广应用。     

左右岸省界缓冲区水质达标评价方法研究

左右岸省界缓冲区作为协调省际间用水关系的重要水域,其水质达标评价及污染责任划分是流域限制纳污红线制度实施的重要内容。从左右岸省界缓冲区的相关概念出发,根据省份的位置关系将其分为缓冲区完全在两省省界上、缓冲区部分在两省省界上以及缓冲区在多省交界上三种情形,并结合左右岸省界缓冲区特点确定调整浓度核算法、代表断面判断法、限制排污总量-污染物入河量评估法等水质达标评价方法,以判断左右岸省份缓冲区的水质达标情况,从而划分缓冲区左右岸省份的污染责任。实例验证模拟显示,确定的方法切实可行,研究方法可为流域污染责任划分提供技术支撑,从而促进限制纳污制度的顺利实施。     

常州市城镇化对工业废水排放量的影响——以江苏省常州市为例

基于熵值法对常州市城市化水平进行评估,以2005~2014年数据为基础观察当地工业废水排放量变化趋势,运用灰色关联分析法研究城镇化对常州工业废水排放量的具体影响。结果表明:经济、人口和社会城镇化是影响工业废水排放量的主要因素;第二产业在工业中占据的比例是影响工业废水排放量的最主要的指标;城镇化的发展对工业废水排放量的影响处于减小趋势。     

基于变分法的FY-3C土壤水分产品适用性分析

FY-3C作为我国风云三号首颗业务卫星,其上搭载的微波成像仪(MWRI)可提供全天候土壤水分数据。【目的】获取高质量土壤水分数据可以对合理利用土壤水资源提供参考,为农田干旱监控和预报提供基础参数。【方法】选取山东省农业气象站土壤水分数据对FY-3C土壤水分产品进行检验,为获取更高质量FY-3C土壤水分产品,选用变分订正方法对FY-3C土壤水分产品进行偏差订正。【结果】FY-3C升降轨土壤水分产品与地面站土壤水分相关系数R分别为0.481 6和0.408 2,RMSE分别为0.099 6和0.091 0 cm~3/cm~3。订正后FY-3C升降轨土壤水分产品与地面站土壤水分R分别为0.701 4和0.892 4,RMSE分别为0.021 7和0.011 cm~3/cm~3。对2016年3—4月山东省干旱过程订正前、后FY-3C土壤水分变化情况进行对比,订正后FY-3C土壤水分更准确地反映出此次干旱过程。【结论】FY-3C土壤水分产品可以准确反映土壤水分随时间的变化趋势,订正后FY-3C土壤水分产品与地面站土壤水分间误差减小、相关性提高。     

不同裂解温度的污泥生物质炭理化特性分析

研究裂解温度对污泥生物质炭基础理化性质的影响,为安全、合理、高效处置污泥提供理论依据。将干燥污泥分别在200、300、500、700℃下进行热裂解处理(SBC200、SBC300、SBC500、SBC700),获得污泥生物质炭,测定其基础理化特性。结果表明：不同温度制备的污泥生物质炭表面颗粒结构完好,孔径范围均集中在10~50 μm,其中低温生物质炭SBC200表面较光滑,最可几孔径和中值孔径最大,分别为20.1 μm和14.8 μm,高温生物质炭SBC700表面较粗糙,比表面积最大,为5.98 m²/g。随裂解温度的提高,污泥生物质炭的产率、含水量、电导率、挥发分、阳离子交换量显著下降,全碳、氧、全氮、氢含量、有效磷和铵态氮均逐渐降低,pH和灰分含量显著增加。将污泥制备成生物质炭,是安全处置污泥的有效途径,低温制得的污泥生物质炭具有更大的提高土壤肥力的潜力,而高温制得的生物质炭在改良土壤酸性的应用上具有更大的潜力。     

Effects of Oyster Shell Soil Amendmenton Fruit Auality and Soil Chemical Properties in Greenhouse Tomato Acidic Soils

[Objective]The aim was to explore the feasibility of applying oyster shell soil amendment for tomato production in order to determine proper quantity of the soil conditional.[Method]Field tests were performed to research effects of the soil conditioner on tomato yield,quality and soil p H.[Result]The results showed that tomato yield increased in the treatment groups with oyster shell soil amendment.The group SC50 increased the most by 16.5%than the control group.Based on normal fertilization,tomato growth was promoted by the soil amendment,and per tomato weight and lycopene content both improved during peak-fruiting period.Besides,soil p H value was enhanced by the soil amendment also.[Conclusion]It can be concluded that the effect was the best when soil conditioner was applied at 750 kg/hm2.     

Information extraction and dynamic evaluation of soil salinization with a remote sensing method in a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Monitoring the dynamics of soil salinization is of great importance for agricultural production. This study selected Yucheng County, a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP) of China, as the study area and evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of soil salinization. Three methods, consisting of principal component analysis (PCA) transformation, tasseled cap (TC) transformation, and optimal band combination (OBC), were used to extract information from an early Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) image from 1984, and their advantages were compared. In addition, OBC was used on a thematic mapper (TM) image from 2009. An iteratively self-organizing data analysis algorithm was used together with prior knowledge of likely classifications to interpret the MSS and TM images for data classification. Finally, a transfer matrix method was used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of soil salinization and analyze the driving factors of soil salinization. Compared to PCA transformation and OBC, TC transformation was a more effective method for extracting soil salinization information from the MSS sensor. The results indicate that a soil area of approximately 298 km² was affected by salinity in 1984 in Yucheng County, of which 5.40%, 11.96%, and 12.75% were classified as being subject to slight, moderate, and severe salinization, respectively. In 2009, the saline area was reduced to only 146 km², of which 10.70% and 3.75% were characterized by slight to moderate salinization and no severe salinization, respectively. The saline land decreased at an average rate of 6 km² per year. This decrease was probably a result of lower groundwater depth, increased organic fertilizer or crop straw in soil, changed land use type, and increased vegetation coverage.     

浅析我国农业节水灌溉技术研究及进展

中国是世界上人均水资源占有量最贫乏的13个国家之一,水是农业的命脉,水资源的严重不足,使我国农业发展面临非常大的挑战。发展节水灌溉技术是我国未来农业发展的一项重大战略决策,也是坚持绿色发展理念的必然选择。为了解我国农业节水灌溉技术现状和研究进展,本文通过综合分析国内外节水灌溉技术现状,梳理我国目前主要的节水灌溉工程技术,总结我国在农业节水灌溉技术现阶段面临的主要问题和未来发展趋势。     

Time‐lapse monitoring of soil water content using electromagnetic conductivity imaging

The volumetric soil water content (θ) is fundamental to agriculture because its spatiotemporal variation in soil affects the growth of plants. Unfortunately, the universally accepted thermogravimetric method for estimating volumetric soil water content is very labour intensive and time‐consuming for use in field‐scale monitoring. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have proven to be useful in mapping the spatiotemporal variation of θ. However, depth‐specific variation in θ, which is important for irrigation management, has been little explored. The objective of this study was to develop a relationship between θ and estimates of true electrical conductivity (σ) and to use this relationship to develop time‐lapse images of soil θ beneath a centre‐pivot irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) crop in San Jacinto, California, USA. We first measured the bulk apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a – mS/m) using a DUALEM‐421 over a period of 12 days after an irrigation event (i.e. days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12). We used EM4Soil to generate EM conductivity images (EMCIs). We used a physical model to estimate θ from σ, accounting for soil tortuosity and pore water salinity, with a cross‐validation RMSE of 0.04 cm³/cm³. Testing the scenario where no soil information is available, we used a three‐parameter exponential model to relate θ to σ and then to map θ along the transect on different days. The results allowed us to monitor the spatiotemporal variations of θ across the surveyed area, over the 12‐day period. In this regard, we were able to map the soil close to field capacity (0.27 cm³/cm³) and approaching permanent wilting point (0.03 cm³/cm³). The time‐lapse θ monitoring approach, developed using EMCI, has implications for soil and water use and management and will potentially allow farmers and consultants to identify inefficiencies in water application rates and use. It can also be used as a research tool to potentially assist precision irrigation practices and to test the efficacy of different methods of irrigation in terms of water delivery and efficiency in water use in near real time.