Terrestrial Arthropods in the Initial Restoration Stages of Anthracite Coal Mine Spoil Heaps in Northwestern Spain: Potential Usefulness of Higher Taxa as Restoration Indicators

An “edaphic‐landscape” restoration was performed in two anthracite coal mine spoil heaps located in NW Spain as a demonstration and pilot program for the restoration of coal mine spoils. Terrestrial arthropods were used to monitor the process as an alternative to the use of secondary succession of plants or physico‐chemical indicators of soils. This study analyzes the usefulness of the terrestrial arthropods at different taxonomic levels (orders of Arthropoda, families of Coleoptera, and species of Carabidae) as restoration indicators in the initial restoration stages. The terrestrial arthropods respond rapidly to restoration, and the results may be explained by short‐term increase in abiotic factors resulting from the applied techniques, mainly the animal origin of the organic matter added and the biodegradable coconut geotextile. Carabidae is of relatively low value as a short‐term restoration indicator at a specific level. Coleoptera provided the best information for interpreting the ecological results over the short term and had the best relationship with the cost of identification. Likewise, the results showed that the edaphic‐landscape restoration leads to an abnormal arthropod assemblage in the short term because of an excessive abundance of isopods and polydesmids. No clear convergence appeared toward any of the terrestrial arthropod communities present in the grassland, scrubland, or woodland semi‐natural areas, which were used as reference end point. The restoration indicator value produced by the higher taxonomic levels of the studied terrestrial arthropods may be useful and cost‐effective for assessing short‐term changes caused by environmental restorations performed to recover ecosystems affected by mining activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Ultrafine Physical Structure Characteristics of Coal

The amorphous structure characteristics of coal and their variation regularity are discussed.The pore structure features and models of coal have been reviewed in detail.     

THE "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE MAGROMOLECIJLAR STRUCTURE OF COAL AND ITS RANK

In this paper, by Using Traube's Law, we presented a method with which the macromolecular structure of coal can be studied through the relation between the true density of coal and its chemical constitution Then we researched the law of the variation of the macromolecular struclure of coal with its. rank. At the same time, we discuss the rank of coal which is classified in the constitution and macromolecular structure of coal     

两种测定风化煤与土壤腐殖酸含量方法的比较

选择GB11957-2001中的容量法和土壤腐殖质组成测定法，比较二者对风化煤、耕层土壤（石灰性褐土）、矿区土壤（栗钙土）腐殖酸含量的测定结果，及其实验过程、样品用量的不同，并对土壤腐殖质组成测定法中重铬酸钾溶液浓度进行比较选择。结果表明，GB11957-2001中的容量法对风化煤、耕层土壤（石灰性褐土）腐殖酸含量测定结果约为土壤腐殖质组成测定法的4倍，但对于腐殖酸含量较低的矿区土壤（栗钙土），两种方法测定结果相同。相对而言，GB11957-2001中的容量法在实验过程中更易达到实验要求，具有易操作性。通过实验，提出了风化煤、土壤样品分别在两种实验方法中的合理用量，和土壤腐殖质组成测定法中重铬酸钾的合理浓度为0.4000 mol/L。     

煤矸石障蔽对沙地土壤的改良作用研究

试验研究表明 ,煤矸石沙障对沙地土壤有明显的改良作用 ,使沙地土壤中细粒物质增加 ,土壤水分含量提高 ,土壤结构发生改变 ;土壤中有机质、全 N、速效 P、速效 K含量显著增加 ,分别是流沙对照地的 2 .6 5 ,2 .6 6 ,1.30 ,1.2 4倍。同时 ,分析结果表明 ,障蔽规格对土壤养分、水分的影响较显著 ,而矸石粒径影响不显著。     

风沙区煤炭开采对土壤物理性质和结皮的影响

[目的]为了准确了解煤炭开采对脆弱生态环境造成的影响。[方法]通过样地调查和室内分析,对毛乌素风沙区超大工作面煤炭开采当年和3a后的土壤物理性质和结皮情况进行分析。[结果]开切点土壤物理性质受到采矿的影响强于开采面,开采面土壤的修复能力优于开切点,且采煤对土壤物理性质的影响3a后仍未消除;各采样点的土壤温度不仅与对照存在差异性(p0.05),而且各土壤温度在空间和时间跨度上也存在差异性(p0.05);20cm处的土壤容重、孔隙度和含水率与土壤温度均存在负相关,含水率与土壤温度存在显著负相关(p0.05);结皮的厚度和覆盖度受到采煤的影响,结皮含水率和结皮持水能力在3a内均未恢复到采煤前。[结论]风沙区超大工作面采煤对土壤物理性质和结皮会造成破坏,且在无人为干扰的情况下土壤将进行自我修复,但3a的修复效果与对照组仍存在一定差异。     

生物炭和PAM混施影响煤矸石基质水分的入渗和蒸发

探究生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)混施对煤矸石基质水分入渗和蒸发的影响,可为矿区矸石山土壤水分的调节提供依据。采用模拟土柱方法,研究不同矸土比(1∶2,1∶1和2∶1)的煤矸石基质,在混施生物炭(1%,2%和4%)和PAM(0.5‰和1‰)条件下,基质水分的吸持性能、入渗及蒸发特征。结果表明:(1)对煤矸石基质入渗性能的影响程度为生物炭PAM矸土比;随生物炭施用量的增加,基质的饱和含水量以及入渗速率均呈增加趋势,而PAM施用量的增加则减弱了煤矸石基质的饱和含水量和入渗速率。(2)添加1‰PAM处理的基质累积蒸发量均低于添加0.5‰PAM的处理;矸土比对煤矸石基质水分蒸发影响程度较生物炭和PAM大。(3)聚类分析表明,4%生物炭和0.5‰PAM混施时煤矸石基质的水分吸持性能及入渗速率较高;而矸土比为2∶1时,2%的生物炭和1‰的PAM混施可减弱基质水分的蒸发。总之,增加生物炭施用量有利于基质水分入渗,而PAM用量的增加,可抑制煤矸石基质水分的蒸发。     

Mechanism analysis of permeability based on promoting coal matrix shrinkage by water jet

High pressure pulsed water jet (HPWJ) is a new technology of effectively improving coal seam permeability. However, the mechanism of increased permeability is not yet clear, which restricts the application of HPWJ in different coal seams. From the perspective of improving permeability by coal matrix shrinkage, the impelled dynamic equations is established based on analysis of coal dynamic effects by water jet. According to theoretical analysis of the stress state of coal matrix, it is concluded that HPWJ can promote coal matrix shrinkage, and the relationship equation between jet impact-coal matrix is derived. Besides, the gas seepage function in the coal slotted by the HPWJ is gained by using PM model, which provides theoretical support for generalizing the technology in the coal mine.     

徐州矿区采煤塌陷地综合利用途径分析

采煤塌陷对徐州的地质地貌、生态环境产生了影响和破坏。根据徐州矿区采煤塌陷地的类型特点,分析了采煤塌陷地的综合利用途径,提出了采煤塌陷地农业综合开发的建议。     

韩国燃煤烤烟机烘烤效能的分析

2002年对韩国燃煤烤烟机与本地区的传统烤房、堆积式烤房进行烘烤效益比较试验的结果表明，燃煤烤烟机比传统烤房、堆积式烤房具有节能省时、提高烤烟品质、增加效益等优点．其中燃煤烤烟机烘烤费用比传统烤房节省50％左右，比堆积式烤房节省63％左右．按每年6次烘烤计算，比堆积式烤房节省约2130元，比传统烤房节省约1092元．上中等烟比率燃煤烤烟机为64．42％，堆积式烤房为56．69％，传统烤房为50．03％．