我国兽用细菌疫苗生产用微生物的惠益分享现状与对策建议

对1957年至2015年国内注册的兽用细菌疫苗进行了分类总结,分析了我国兽用细菌疫苗生产用微生物的获取、惠益分享的现状和存在的问题,提出了解决措施及建议,以期为我国兽医微生物资源的知识产权保护和惠益分享制度的制定提供支持。     

VALIDATION OF AN INDEXED RADIOTHERAPY HEAD POSITIONING DEVICE FOR USE IN DOGS AND CATS

Setup variability affects the appropriate delivery of radiation and informs the setup margin required to treat radiation patients. Twenty‐four veterinary patients with head and neck cancers were enrolled in this prospective, cross‐sectional study to determine the accuracy of an indexed board immobilization device for positioning. Couch position values were defined at the first treatment based on setup films. At subsequent treatments, patients were moved to the previously defined couch location, orthogonal films were acquired, table position was modified, and displacement was recorded. The mean systematic displacement, random displacement, overall displacement, and mean displacement values of the three‐dimensional (3D) vector were calculated. Three hundred thirty‐two pairs of orthogonal setup films were analyzed for displacement in cranial–caudal, lateral, and dorsal–ventral directions. The mean systematic displacements were 0.5, 0.8, and 0.5 mm, respectively. The mean random displacements were 1.0, 1.1, and 0.7 mm, respectively. The overall displacements were 1.1, 1.4, and 0.9 mm, respectively. The mean 3D vector value was 1.6 mm with a standard deviation of 1.2 mm. Ninety‐five percent of the vectors were <3.6 mm. These values were compared to data obtained with a previously used immobilization device. A t‐test was used to compare the two devices. The 3D vector, random displacement in all directions, and overall displacement in the cranial–caudal and dorsal–ventral directions were significantly smaller than displacements with the previous device. The precision and accuracy of the indexed board device was superior to the historical head and neck device.     

DOSIMETRIC CONSEQUENCES OF USING CONTRAST‐ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGES FOR INTENSITY‐MODULATED STEREOTACTIC BODY RADIOTHERAPY PLANNING

Potential benefits of planning radiation therapy on a contrast‐enhanced computed tomography scan (ceCT) should be weighed against the possibility that this practice may be associated with an inadvertent risk of overdosing nearby normal tissues. This study investigated the influence of ceCT on intensity‐modulated stereotactic body radiotherapy (IM‐SBRT) planning. Dogs with head and neck, pelvic, or appendicular tumors were included in this retrospective cross‐sectional study. All IM‐SBRT plans were constructed on a pre‐ or ceCT. Contours for tumor and organs at risk (OAR) were manually constructed and copied onto both CT's; IM‐SBRT plans were calculated on each CT in a manner that resulted in equal radiation fluence. The maximum and mean doses for OAR, and minimum, maximum, and mean doses for targets were compared. Data were collected from 40 dogs per anatomic site (head and neck, pelvis, and limbs). The average dose difference between minimum, maximum, and mean doses as calculated on pre‐ and ceCT plans for the gross tumor volume was less than 1% for all anatomic sites. Similarly, the differences between mean and maximum doses for OAR were less than 1%. The difference in dose distribution between plans made on CTs with and without contrast enhancement was tolerable at all treatment sites. Therefore, although caution would be recommended when planning IM‐SBRT for tumors near “reservoirs” for contrast media (such as the heart and urinary bladder), findings supported the use of ceCT with this dose calculation algorithm for both target delineation and IM‐SBRT treatment planning.     

Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 2: opioids and alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonists

ObjectiveTo review the literature with regard to the use of different intravenous agents as supplements to inhalational anaesthesia in horses. The Part 2 of this review will focus in the use of opioids and a₂-agonists.Databases usedPubmed and Web of Science. Search terms: horse, inhalant anaesthesia, balanced anaesthesia, partial intravenous anaesthesia, opioids, morphine, pethidine, butorphanol, methadone, fentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanil, sufentanil, xylazine, romifidine, detomidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine.ConclusionsDifferent drugs and their combinations can be administered systemically in anaesthetized horses aiming to reduce the amount of the volatile agent while improving the recovery qualities and providing a multimodal analgesic approach. However, full studies as to whether these techniques improve cardiopulmonary status are not always available and potential disadvantages should also be considered.     

兽医药理学实验教学改革的探索

兽医药理学实验教学是兽医药理学课程的重要组成部分,为了适应学科发展和社会对兽医人才的需求,广西大学动物科学技术学院在教学过程中对兽医药理学实验教学环节进行了改革和探索,旨在提高兽医药理学实验教学质量和学生的综合素质。     

Human Brucella canis Infection and Subsequent Laboratory Exposures Associated with a Puppy,New York City, 2012

Human Brucella canis infection incidence is unknown. Most identified cases are associated with pet dogs. Laboratory‐acquired infections can occur following contact with Brucella spp. We identified a paediatric B. canis case, the source and other exposed persons. A 3‐year‐old New York City child with fever and dyspnoea was hospitalized for 48 h for bronchiolitis. After her admission, blood culture grew B. canis, she was prescribed anti‐microbials and recovered. B. canis was also isolated from blood of the child's pet dog; these isolates were genetically similar. The dog originated from an Iowa breeding facility which was quarantined after identification of the dog's infection. Additionally, 31 laboratory workers were exposed and subsequently monitored for symptoms; 15 completed post‐exposure prophylaxis. To our knowledge, this is the first report strongly suggesting B. canis zoonotic transmission to a child in the United States, and highlights the need for coordinated control policies to minimize human illness.     

Stabilizing Dog Populations and Improving Animal and Public Health Through a Participatory Approach in Indigenous Communities

Free‐roaming dog populations are a global concern for animal and human health including transmission of infectious disease (e.g. rabies, distemper and parasites), dog bite injuries/mortalities, animal welfare and adverse effects on wildlife. In Saskatchewan (SK), Canada, veterinary care is difficult to access in the remote and sparsely inhabited northern half of the province, where the population is predominately Indigenous. Even where veterinary clinics are readily available, there are important barriers such as cost, lack of transportation, unique cultural perspectives on dog husbandry and perceived need for veterinary care. We report the effects of introducing a community action plan designed to improve animal and human health, increase animal health literacy and benefit community well‐being in two Indigenous communities where a dog‐related child fatality recently occurred. Initial door‐to‐door dog demographic surveys indicated that most dogs were sexually intact (92% of 382 dogs), and few had ever been vaccinated (6%) or dewormed (6%). Approximately three animal‐related injuries requiring medical care were reported in the communities per 1000 persons per year (95% CL: 1.6–6.6), and approximately 86% of 145 environmentally collected dog faecal samples contained parasites, far above levels reported in other urban or rural settings in SK. Following two subsidized spay/neuter clinics and active rehoming of dogs, parasite levels in dog faeces decreased significantly (P < 0.001), and important changes were observed in the dog demographic profile. This project demonstrates the importance of engaging people using familiar, local resources and taking a community specific approach. As well, it highlights the value of integrated, cross‐jurisdictional cooperation, utilizing the resources of university researchers, veterinary personnel, public health, environmental health and community‐based advocates to work together to solve complex issues in One Health. On‐going surveillance on dog bites, parasite levels and dog demographics are needed to measure the long‐term sustainability of benefits to dog, human and wildlife health.     

兽用超声诊断设备漏电流的测试与评价

漏电流是兽用医疗电气设备的重要安全指标之一,目前兽用超声诊断设备漏电流的检测缺少相关行业标准,本文参照国内外医疗器械行业对漏电流的测试要求,并结合兽用超声诊断设备的实际操作使用情况,介绍了兽用超声诊断设备漏电流的测试技术及评价。