Acoustic evaluation of the vertical distribution of dwarf ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in Lake Biwa

SUMMARY: The vertical distribution of dwarf ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in the pelagic waters of Lake Biwa was evaluated from June to September in 1995–97 from eight acoustic surveys using a quantitative echosounder. In each survey, echoes from a depth range of 3 m to the sea bottom were collected at a station every 2.7 s for 24 h together with measurements of vertical profiles of water temperature and chlorophyll-a. The ayu's echoes were identified using an underwater video camera. The ayu were observed near the maximum chlorophyll-a depth and above the thermocline. Their density was highest at depths of 4–11 m with 2–4 individuals/m ³ and was almost zero below 20 m. Echo signs were recorded as having a frequent duration of more than 1 h at night, whereas were of a shorter duration in the day. The fish stay in the epilimnion during the day without any clear vertical migration, but are distributed more uniformly at night. The advantages of remaining in the epilimnion are discussed in terms of food availability and predator avoidance.     

Acclimation abilities of three tropical rainforest seedlings to an increase in light intensity

Current practices in many nurseries involve the germination of tropical rainforest seedlings in shaded conditions and transferral, at a later date, to environments with greater light intensities. Determination of the ability of these seedlings to acclimate to increased light intensities will allow seedling stock to be processed with maximum efficiency within the nursery. The acclimation abilities of three species, Agyrodendron actinophyllum, Cardwellia sublimis, and Flindersia brayleyana, commonly found in north Queensland's rainforests were investigated in this study. These particular species are highly valued for their cabinet timber qualities and are being reared in nurseries for use in reforestation trials and programs in north Queensland. Seedlings were initially raised in greenhouse conditions under two layers of shade cloth (16% of full sunlight) and then transferred into full sunlight at three different ages (3 weeks, 10 weeks, 14 weeks). Upon transfer, organ ratios and the direction of dry matter distribution was determined for each species and age group. Approximately 3 months after the seedlings were transferred, the acclimation ability of each species and age group was then determined. Dry matter distribution was found to change with age, irrespective of light environment. Individuals within a species with larger root systems and thicker or more dense leaves had a greater acclimation ability than those with smaller root systems and thinner or less dense leaves. Furthermore, individuals within a species whose dry matter distribution upon transfer was directed towards developing a large root system, and a small photosynthetic area and mass, had a greater acclimation ability than those whose dry matter distribution was directed away from such morphologies. Awareness of these relationships allows a better understanding of seedling response to gap formation in natural forests, and also allows plant nursery operators to make a more informed decision about when to move seedlings to environments with a higher light intensity.     

Physiological Analysis of Yield Variation in Mungbean (Vigna radiata [Roxb.] Wilczek)

Two mungbean varieties, Guj-1 and PIMS-1 differing in their productivity potential, were examined to investigate their photosynthetic system at various stages of growth in relation to yield with two different dates of sowing. Vertical leaves were found to be beneficial. On the other hand, excessive leaf area during the later stages of growth may be detrimental to yield. Lower LAD at seedling stage and overall high NAR values may be reflected in higher grain yield. NAR declined as season progressed and this, in turn, may be related with increase in LAI. The grain yield was considerably more at the first date of sowing as compared to second date of sowing, the effect was being more pronounced in var. PIMS-1 . Various environmental factors recorded at two different dates of sowing and at various stages of growth indicated that these factors may have influenced the yield potential at two different dates of sowing.     

N_(98s)×特青(亚种间杂交稻)抽穗后物质生产及分配特点研究初报

对N×特青示范田中试区与肥料试验田各处理小区稻株分析结果表明:抽穗后,亚种间杂交稻N×特青比常规稻特青干物质生产能力强,灌浆速度快;地上部各器官占植株干重比例,前者叶片比重大于茎,后者茎比重大于叶。亚种间杂交稻对肥料反应敏感,抽穗后,干物质累积,植株高度,每穗总粒数和粒重均随施肥量增加而增加,在高肥区有利于进一步提高产量,但增施氮肥后,灌浆速度明显滞后。     

铜在狐尾藻中的积累及亚细胞分布和化学形态

为探索狐尾藻对重金属铜的积累和耐性机制,本研究通过水培试验,研究不同浓度铜处理（0、20、50 mg·L^-1）对狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum L.）生长生理特性以及叶片表皮细胞形态的影响,分析各器官中铜吸收转运及铜在各组织器官亚细胞中的分布和化学形态。结果表明：各浓度铜处理下狐尾藻均能存活,但铜浓度高于50 mg·L^-1时,狐尾藻根、茎、叶生物量相比对照（铜 0 mg·L^-1）处理降低53.48%、36.99%和32.22%。铜处理后,狐尾藻根、茎和叶铜含量分别为11.81~186.34、1.32~7.89、2.11~11.99 mg·kg^-1,根系中铜含量均高于叶片和茎部。铜在狐尾藻中的亚细胞分布主要位于根、茎、叶的细胞壁部分（36.49%~49.61%、45.44%~49.92%、41.45%~55.92%）,其次是可溶性组分（21.65%~25.99%、23.03%~27.65%、18.01%~34.63%）。狐尾藻中铜的赋存化学形态以盐酸提取态、醋酸提取态和乙醇提取态为主,所占比例为76.34%~86.67%,均是活性较低的形态。因此,狐尾藻是铜富集较好的植物,其根部的耐性大于茎、叶。铜以吸附态或蛋白质、果胶酸盐等低活性形态赋存于细胞壁或可溶性组分（液泡）中是狐尾藻积累和耐受铜的重要机制。     

云南省岩溶地区石漠化草原现状及分区保护与修复策略

据最新调查数据,云南省石漠化草原主要分布于曲靖、昆明、红河等5个州( 市),总面积 37.97 万hm²,占岩溶土地面积的3.53%,其分布最广的海拔区间为1 500~2 500 m,占比47.85%, 基岩裸露度分布区间为30%~94%,以植被盖度为10%~19%的分布区间面积最广,占比37.85%, 绝大部分分布于土层薄甚至极薄区域,占比达92.10%。根据石漠化草原空间分布特征,在充分衔 接各大生态保护和修复工程建设规划基础上,统筹考虑岩溶生态系统的完整性、地理单元的连续性 和经济社会发展的可持续性,将云南省石漠化草原区划为6个分区,分区阐述石漠化草原生态保护 与修复策略。     

进水流速对圆形循环水养殖池流场特性影响的数值模拟

通过对工厂化循环水养殖进水流速的智能调控,可降低饵料残留,避免水质恶化。为此,本研究采用数值模拟方法探究了进水流速对工厂化循环水养殖池流场特性的影响,并基于该研究设计出一套确定进水流速调控的实验方法。首先,通过对比Standard k-ε、RNG k-ε和Realizable k-ε 3种湍流模型及多种壁面函数的仿真效果,确定RNG k-ε模型和标准壁面函数作为仿真配置。同时,针对多相流模型,对欧拉多相流模型和DPM离散相模型进行对比,为提高计算准确性选用DPM离散相模型,并基于上述模型进行网格无关性验证、制定网格划分方案。其次,以大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)养殖为例,模拟不同进水流速下养殖池流场、排污和水温调节的效果。最后,针对仿真结果提出进水流速调控方案。结果显示,日常采用1.0 m/s的进水流速,可有效提高适宜流速区面积并控制水处理成本;投饵前,采用0.2 m/s的进水流速可以解决循环水养殖中存在的饵料浪费问题;进食结束后,采用1.2 m/s的进水流速可快速排出残饵避免水质恶化;水温异常时,采用15 ℃的水、以1.2 m/s的进水流速注水230 s,可使20 ℃的水下降到正常水平,精准化控制水温。采用本研究提出的方法,可针对不同养殖生物和养殖环境设计进水流速智能调控策略,可用于解决循环水养殖过程中饵料浪费、水质变差和水温异常等问题。     

通辽市暴雨特征分析及区域性暴雨定量评估方法

基于通辽市 1960—2020 年的日降水量资料,分析暴雨站次及区域性暴雨过程时空变化特征,并利用国家标准 GB-T 42075-2022 对区域性暴雨过程进行定量评估。结果表明:(1)暴雨极值呈明显的南部地区大于北部,暴雨站次分布整体上北部和中西部少,南部和中东部多。年平均暴雨日数 0.8 d。7～8月为发生暴雨主要月份。(2)区域性暴雨过程共45次,年平均 0.7 d,年际变化呈减少趋势。单日区域性暴雨占78%。主要出现在7月下旬达11次。(3)利用国家标准定量评估,得出有 3 次特强区域性暴雨过程,依次为 2017 年 8月3日、1994年7月12～14日、1984年8月10～11日。结合本地情况,定义综合强度Z值在100以上为特强区域性暴雨,Z值在40以上为强区域性暴雨,Z值在30以上为较强区域性暴雨。区域性暴雨等级评估方法适用性较好,利于区域性暴雨过程强度的划分。     

希拉穆仁草原不同放牧强度对植被群落特征和土壤团聚体的影响

[目的] 为探究草原不同放牧强度下植被群落的改变,解析群落特征变化对土壤团聚体的影响。[方法] 以希拉穆仁荒漠草原控制放牧试验区为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内分析相结合的方法,分析轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)和禁牧(CK)下植被群落特征和土壤团聚体特征及二者的关系,揭示植物群落变化对土壤团聚体的影响。[结果] (1)植物群落物种数随放牧强度的增加而增加,LG的群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H'')和Simpson优势度指数(D)显著低于其他放牧强度(p＜0.05)。地上生物量随放牧强度的增加而降低,HG的地上生物量显著低于其他放牧强度(p＜0.05)。不同放牧强度下地下生物量差异显著,且不同土层的地下生物量均以LG最高。(2)平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)的变化趋势与大团聚体含量一致,在0—5, 5—10 cm土层表现为随放牧强度的增加先增加后降低再增加(LG最高、MG最低)。(3)群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H'')、Pielous均匀度指数(J'')、地上生物量、容重是影响大团聚体含量、MWD和GMD的显著性因子(p＜0.05)。[结论] 放牧强度对土壤团聚体稳定性具有负反馈调节作用,主要通过影响植被群落多样性指数(H''和J'')、地上生物量、土壤容重的变化而引起土壤团聚体稳定性的变化。该结果为希拉穆仁草原放牧强度选择及生态恢复工作提供理论支撑和科学依据。     

天山北坡经济带人口分布与经济发展研究

人口分布是影响经济发展的重要因素。人口分布与经济分布的最基本属性是不均衡性,人口与经济的空间集中化是区域发展的内在规律。本文从人口与经济发展的关系出发,通过对天山北坡经济带人口数量、人口密度、人口分布等因素与经济发展相关关系及动态演进的多方面分析,为天山北坡经济带进一步实施人口与经济空间集中化战略,建立起人口、经济与环境协调发展的区域格局提供一些理论依据与对策。