高等农林院校数学建模教育研究与实践

结合1994～1998年甘肃农业大学大学生数学协会数学建模讨论班的实践经验,提出了：高等农林院校数学素质教育内容应包括数学基础教育、数学建模教育、数学建模实践3方面;数学建模教育的形式是“讨论班”;数学建模能力巩固、提高的方式是数学建模竞赛;要培养真正合格的素质型建设人才必须在大学期间参加适当的数学建模实践。并指出只有更多的专家、教授、学者参与到数学素质教育中来,使专业与数学教育真正相结合,数学建模教育乃至数学素质教育的口的才能真正实现。     

平原沙土区不同林分类型下土壤有机碳库特征及其影响因子

目的 明晰不同林分类型下土壤有机碳库特征,以期为平原沙土区土壤碳库的提高和生态恢复提供理论依据。 方法 以江苏省平原沙土区丰县16年生杨树纯林、柳树纯林、杨柳混交林3种林分类型及相邻的撂荒地（对照）为对象,测定0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm等5个土壤层次有机碳及活性组分和土壤酶活性,计算土壤碳库管理指数,并对土壤有机碳库特征和环境因子进行相关性分析。 结果 （1）3种林分类型及对照各土层有机碳含量和储量范围分别为1.03～5.88 g·kg−1和3.53～17.55 t·hm−2。与对照相比,0～100 cm土层,3种林分类型土壤有机碳含量增加了45.2%～82.2%。杨树纯林0～100 cm土层有机碳储量分别是柳树纯林、杨柳混交林和对照的1.23、1.24、1.83倍。（2）与对照相比,0～100 cm土层,3种林分类型的土壤易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量分别提高了28.6%～48.0%、6.8%～9.7%和21.6%～33.4%。3种林分类型土壤碳库管理指数显著高于100%（P<0.05）。（3）林分类型显著影响土壤蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性（P<0.05）,杨柳混交林0～100 cm土层多酚氧化酶活性显著高于杨树纯林和对照（P<0.05）。（4）相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳库特征受多酚氧化酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著影响,有机碳含量和储量、易氧化有机碳含量及碳库管理指数受蔗糖酶、过氧化物酶活性显著影响,微生物生物量碳受蔗糖酶活性显著影响。冗余分析表明,土壤碳氮比和细根生物量是土壤有机碳库特征的主要影响因素。 结论 平原沙土区营造人工林提高了土壤有机碳及活性组分和有机碳库稳定性,杨树纯林提高土壤有机碳储量效果最好。     

ELISA法对禽蛋中氯霉素残留量检测

试样中残留的氯霉素与氯霉素酶标记物共同竞争氯霉素抗体,形成有酶标记或无酶标记的抗原抗体复合物而被吸附于微孔底板。用酶标仪在波长450 nm处测定吸光度,根据吸光度得出样品中氯霉素的残留量。对禽蛋中氯霉素残留量进行测定,并对其加标回收率、再现性、重复性进行了分析研究,均能够达到国际氯霉素残留量的检测要求。     

夏玉米田作物蒸腾与棵间土壤蒸发模拟计算方法研究

本文依据能量平衡原理和质量守恒定律，提出了作物蒸腾与棵间土壤蒸发的估算模式，并对参数的估算做了详细的分析和讨论。最后利用试验区实测资料，通过田间水热耦合运移的数值模拟，对夏玉米田作物蒸腾棵间土壤蒸发模型及其模拟计算方法进行了验证，结果表明，本文提出的模型和模拟计算方法是有效而实用的。     

Lithic soils in the semi-arid region of Brazil: edaphic characterization and susceptibility to erosion

Soils(Leptosols or Epileptic Regosols)with lithic contact at a depth of 50 cm occupy almost 20%of the Brazilian semi-arid region.These lithic soils are susceptible to erosion due to faster saturation of water-holding capacity during rainfall,which accelerates the beginning of runoff.However,erosion traits of lithic soils in the semi-arid region of Brazil are less studied.The aim of this study was to characterize the soil and landscape attributes in areas with Neossolos Litólicos(Entisols)in the Caatinga biome to identify region of high susceptibility to erosion.Results showed that the soils were characterized by a sandy texture,soil structure with poor development and low content of organic carbon.These attributes increase susceptibility to erosion and reduce water storage capacity,especially in the states of Cearáand Sergipe.In these states,the content of rock fragments in the soil reaches 790 g/kg.High contents of silt and fine sand,high silt/clay ratio,predominance of Leptosols and strong rainfall erosivity were observed in Piauíand northwestern Ceará.A very high degree of water erosion was observed in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba.Despite the low degree of erosion observed in the state of Bahia,it is highly susceptible to erosion due to the predominance of very shallow soils,rugged relief and high values of rainfall erosivity.Lower vulnerability was observed in the state of Alagoas because of its more smoothed relief,greater effective soil depth,thicker A horizon of soil and lower rainfall erosivity.In general,the characteristics that intensify the susceptibility to erosion in the Caatinga biome are those soil structures with poor development or without aggregation,low contents of organic carbon,high contents of silt and fine sand,high values of silt/clay ratio and rugged relief in some regions.This study collected information contributing to a better characterization of soils with lithic contact in the semi-arid region of Brazil.In addition,regions with a higher susceptibility to erosion were identified,revealing insights that could help develop strategies for environmental risk mitigation.     

Changes in the blood lactate dehydrogenase measurements in canines and felines following the international standardization of the assay method

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in blood is measured using the Japanese Society of Clinical Chemistry (JSCC) method in Japan and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) method in other countries. In human clinical practice, the IFCC method replaced the JSCC method due to international standardization. Moreover, veterinary LDH measurement will also eventually shift to the IFCC method. However, the relationship between the IFCC and JSCC methods for LDH in various animals and whether they can be equated or not have not yet been investigated. This study aimed to present the changes in measurements in canines and felines after switching to the IFCC method. The plasma LDH activity of canines (N=177) and felines (N=115), who visited a secondary care veterinary clinic, was measured using the JSCC and IFCC methods. The IFCC/JSCC ratio was <1.0 in 85% of canines and 88% of felines, indicating that the IFCC method tended to show lower values than the JSCC method, presumably because LDH5 is dominant among the LDH isozymes in canines and felines. The increase in the systematic errors of both assays was in the high value range, with some samples exceeding the error tolerance from near the upper end of the reference range. When switching to the IFCC method for LDH measurement in canines and felines, each institution should consider whether the reference range and clinical diagnostic values established by the JSCC method are appropriate for continued use.     

耕作与施肥模式对渭北旱塬春玉米田蓄水保墒与玉米产量的影响

为揭示渭北旱塬春玉米田休闲期不同保护性耕作模式的蓄水保墒与增产增收效应,寻找适合渭北旱塬春玉米田水肥高效利用的耕作方式和施肥水平,于2013—2014年度在陕西省合阳县甘井镇春玉米田分别设置传统农户模式(翻耕+低肥,S1)、现有高效模式(免耕+高肥,S2)、创新高效模式(深松+平衡施肥,S3)等模式处理,研究各类耕作与施肥相结合保护性耕作模式下春玉米水分利用率、产量和经济效益差异。结果表明,创新模式S3和现有模式S2较农户模式S1播前增加了土壤贮水量;创新模式S3和现有模式S2处理在玉米主要生育期0~200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量分别比农户模式S1增加23.3 mm和18.1 mm,水分利用效率分别提高12.3%和10%,产量增加11.1%、9.2%。创新模式和现有模式均较农户模式能够增加土壤贮水量,提高水分利用效率,增加产量和经济效益,但创新模式蓄水保墒,增产增收优势明显,是适合渭北旱塬地区春玉米生产的水肥管理模式。     

W-OH新材料特性及在青海湖周边地区沙化地植生固沙中的应用

W-OH是一种新型的化学植生固沙材料,通过室内试验及青海湖周边地区的不同处理方式植生固沙试验表明,3%～5%浓度的W-OH材料在抗冻、抗压、抗拉、抗紫外线等性能均能达到青海湖周边地区植生固沙的要求,在处理方式喷涂W-OH+沟处理试验中取得了良好的植被恢复和治沙效果,适合在青海湖周边地区类似条件的地区进行推广应用。     

Effects of nitrogen and water stress on the rehydration,endogenous hormonal regulation and yield of maize

Water scarcity is known to be a strong limiting factor affecting maize grown and yield in cold semi-arid regions. Numerous studies have shown that rehydration improves maize growth. Our study aimed to explore the effects of rehydration treatments on maize growth and yield under water and nitrogen stress during different growth stages. We selected the drought-tolerant maize variety Nendan 19 (ND19) and subjected it to water stress during the V6 (sixth-leaf), R2 (filling) and R6 (maturity) growth stages and a rehydration treatment after each stress stage. Our results indicated that N1 (N100 kg N ha⁻¹) and N3 (N300 kg N ha⁻¹) treatments significantly increased the leaf moisture status relative to water content (RWC), bound water content (BWC), free water content (FWC) and water potential (WP)) at different growth stages. Similar trends were observed in the accumulation of plant leaf and root hormones (zeatin+zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid), photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence. However, under the same water stress conditions, they decreased as the N rate increased and reached a minimum value in the S3 (water stress for N3) treatments. In addition, with growth stage advancement and extension of the rehydration time, both showed a gradual upward trend. The results showed that to save water resources in the cold semi-arid region, rehydration treatments (R2S1 and R2S3) significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaf moisture status, biomass, 100-grain weight, hormone content, ear characteristics and grain yield of maize.     

基于足迹家族的甘肃省生态文明建设评价

改进了足迹家族法并应用于甘肃省的生态文明建设评价,结果表明:1990—2013年甘肃省生态压力处于中等水平,温室气体(GHG)排放由较低升至中等,水资源压力较高;生态文明建设为中等水平。空间上,生态压力较高的有兰州、白银、嘉峪关,较低的有酒泉、陇南、庆阳、张掖、甘南,其余地区为中等水平;GHG排放较高的是金昌、嘉峪关、兰州,中等的是酒泉、白银和张掖,其余地区较低(临夏为碳汇);水资源压力较低的是甘南、临夏和陇南,中等的是张掖和酒泉,其他9市压力较高;生态文明水平较高的有甘南、临夏、陇南和张掖,较低的是白银、金昌、兰州和嘉峪关,其余地区中等。