Influence of water regime on growth,yield, and nitrogen uptake of rice

Abstract

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of water regime on growth of rice. The greenhouse experiment investigated the effects of two water regimes‐continuous flooding and flooding with soil drying between crops for 2 to 3 weeks on the growth of rice during six cropping (for six week each) on seven soils varying widely in total N contents (0.07 to 0.35%). The results averaged for the 7 soils indicated that the drymatter production or N uptake of rice was not affected by the water regimes during the six croppings.

The field experiment conducted during the dry season for two consecutive years (1976 and 1977) on a near neutral clay soil studied the effects of three water regimes (continuous flooding alternate flooding and soil drying every 2 weeks, and continuous flooding with 2 weeks mid season soil drying after 6 weeks of transplanting) and three levels of fertilizer N (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha as urea) on grain yield and N uptake of rice. The results confirmed the absence of any significant reduction in grain yield or N uptake as a result of any of the soil drying treatments during the growing season on the unfertilized plots carrying a rice crop. On the plots fertilized with 100 or 200 kg N/na, alternate flooding and drying resulted in a significant depression in both grain yield and N uptake. Soil analysis supported heavy losses of N in the fertilized plots that underwent alternate flooding and soil drying apparently by nitrification and denitrification reactions.

The results of this study suggest that alternate flooding and drying of soils in the presence of established rice plants itiay not cause a significant loss of nitrogen in unfertilized plots although in plots fertilized with high rates of N the losses may be large as indicated by the performance of rice crop.     

纳米二氧化钛光催化降解毒死蜱的动力学研究

以高压汞灯为光源,研究纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)降解毒死蜱的反应动力学,考察纳米TiO2用量、毒死蜱起始质量浓度及溶液pH值对毒死蜱光催化降解速率的影响.结果表明,纳米TiO2最佳用量为50～100 mg/L,毒死蜱初始质量浓度在5～80 mg/L时,其降解反应符合一级反应动力学规律,表现为毒死蜱质量浓度越大,降解速率常...     

The influence of root hairs on the uptake of phosphate

Abstract

The uptake of phosphate from stirred solution by roots was not affected by root hairs. In contrast to this, root hairs appreciably increased the uptake of phosphate from a clay soil.     

有机、无机磷肥配施对宁夏引黄灌区露地蔬菜磷素吸收利用与磷平衡的影响

2011—2013年,在宁夏引黄灌区利用田间定位试验研究了不同有机、无机磷肥配施对露地蔬菜的产量、磷素吸收利用、土壤无机磷残留和磷平衡的影响,并提出了合理的磷肥投入阈值。结果表明,过量增施磷肥对露地蔬菜的增产作用不显著。露地蔬菜经济产量与施磷量都符合二次曲线关系,花椰菜、紫甘蓝和大白菜最大产量施磷量分别为P2O5332.3、304.5、377.8 kg/hm2,最佳经济施磷量分别为P2O5282.9、271.2、365.3 kg/hm2。增施磷肥能促进露地蔬菜地上部磷素吸收累积,磷肥利用率随化学磷肥用量增加而降低。随着施磷水平的提高,0~20 cm土壤Olsen-P和Ca Cl2-P含量都呈增加趋势。土壤磷平衡与施磷量呈线性正相关关系,化肥磷施用量越高土壤磷素盈余越大。2011—2013年花椰菜、紫甘蓝和大白菜季合理的磷肥投入阈值范围分别为[141.0,332.3]、[107.1,304.5]和[104.9,377.8],施磷量、蔬菜产量及地上部吸磷量是影响该阈值范围的主要因素。     

利用叶绿素含量及荧光动力学参数评价青贮玉米耐旱关键指标研究

利用叶绿素荧光仪测定了26份青贮玉米自交系和105个组合的叶绿素含量及荧光动力学参数,对其生理性状关键耐旱指标进行主成分及相关分析,并进行配合力及遗传参数分析。青贮玉米Fv/Fm的影响因素大 小依次为：叶片Fv>叶片Fm>叶片Fo>叶片Area>叶片SPAD>苞叶Fv/Fm>苞叶SPAD。筛选出了5个关键指 标(叶片Fm、叶片Fv、叶片Area、叶片Fv/Fm、叶片SPAD)及一般配合力(GCA)较高的9份自交系和特殊配合力(SCA)较高的19个组合。在F₁吐丝期,叶片Fo、叶片Area主要受基因加性效应支配;叶片Fm、叶片Fv的加性与 非加性效应相当;叶片Fv/Fm、叶片SPAD主要受基因非加性效应支配。狭义遗传力(h²N,)大小依次为：叶片SPAD>叶片Area>叶片Fo>叶片Fv>叶片Fm>叶片Fv/Fm。通过对叶片Fv的早代正向直接选择、叶片Fo的早代 负向直接选择,以及对叶片Fv/Fm的杂种优势利用,可提高旱区青贮玉米单位面积生物产量。叶绿素含量及荧光 动力学参数可用于青贮玉米的耐旱性筛选。     

一次性施肥对水稻产量及养分吸收的影响

通过田间小区试验研究一次性施肥对水稻生长的作用效果,进而明确水稻一次性施肥是否能达到传统分次施肥的增产效果及其机制。本研究以传统分次施肥为对照,研究了一次性施用常规速效肥、硝化抑制剂DCD型稳定肥、硝化抑制剂DMPP型稳定肥以及树脂包膜控释肥对水稻产量、产量构成要素、分蘖动态、灌浆期光合速率以及主要生长节点植株氮、磷、钾含量的影响。试验表明,分别一次性施用各种类缓/控释肥均可以满足水稻各生长期对氮、磷、钾的吸收,促进水稻分蘖、增加水稻有效穗数及穗粒数,增强水稻光合速率和碳氮代谢水平,提高或保持了水稻正常产量。一次性施用缓控释肥较传统分次施肥对水稻具有稳产或增产的作用是因为其能在整个生育期内满足水稻的养分供应,在不降低千粒重及结实率的基础上提高或是保持水稻的有效穗数及穗粒数。     

施氮量对稻茬麦土壤速效磷质量分数及磷素平衡的影响

以宁麦9号和豫麦34为材料,研究施氮量(0、75、150、225、300kg·hm-2)对土壤速效磷质量分数变化、植株磷素吸收、土壤磷素平衡的影响。结果表明,各处理植株磷素吸收均以拔节至开花期为积累高峰期,且随施氮量增加,磷素吸收呈先增后降的趋势,以N225处理最高。磷肥施用显著提高0~40cm土层速效磷质量分数,随施氮量的增加,土壤速效磷质量分数呈降低趋势。土壤-小麦系统磷素平衡呈明显的阶段性,播种至拔节期磷素出现大量的盈余,拔节至成熟期磷素出现不同程度的表观亏缺。在全生育期,2品种磷素表观盈余量均以N225处理最低,N0处理最高。综合考虑小麦产量和磷素平衡特征,宁麦9号和豫麦34在105kg·hm-2的施磷量基础上可分别再降低P2O5用量7kg·hm-2和10kg·hm-2,配施225kg·hm-2施氮量,能够获得较高的小麦产量并减少磷素损失。     

AM真菌对NaCl胁迫下滨梅（Prunus maritima）苗生长和营养元素吸收的影响

在温室条件下分别接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae、透光球囊霉G.diaphanum和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum,来观察盐胁迫下滨梅的生长反应。结果表明接种了AM真菌的滨梅与对照相比显著增加了滨梅幼苗的生长。接种了摩西球囊霉G.mosseae和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum的滨梅幼苗所含的干物质总量分别高出对照47%和43%,总叶面积分别高出对照36%和35%。NaCl胁迫下接种AM真菌的滨梅幼苗叶中所有养分含量除了Fe都表现出相互作用,方差分析的结果显著;摩西球囊霉G.mosseae和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum在提高滨梅苗的抗盐能力上比透光球囊霉G.diaphanum更有效。实验结果表明接种特定的AM真菌能够缓解土壤盐胁迫对滨梅的伤害反应。     

Effects of forage type and gibberellic acid on nitrate leaching losses

Nitrogen (N) leaching from soil into water is a significant concern for intensively grazed forage‐based systems because it can cause a decline in water quality and is a risk to human health. Urine patches from grazing animals are the main source of this N. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect that forage type and gibberellic acid (GA) application had on N leaching and herbage N uptake from urine patches on perennial ryegrass–white clover (RGWC), Italian ryegrass and lucerne. A lysimeter study was conducted over 17 months to measure herbage growth, N uptake and N loss to water beneath each of the three forage types with the following treatments: control, urine (700 kg N/ha) and urine with GA (8 g GA active ingredient/ha). Compared with RGWC (205 kg N/ha), N leaching losses were 35.3% lower from Italian ryegrass (133 kg N/ha) and 98.5% higher from lucerne (407 kg N/ha). These differences in leaching loss are likely to be due to winter plant growth and N uptake. During the winter months, Italian ryegrass had higher N uptake, whereas lucerne had lower N uptake, compared with RGWC. The application of GA had no effect on N leaching losses, DM yield or N uptake of forage treated with 700 kg N/ha urine.     

氮肥用量对滨海滩涂区甘薯干物质积累、氮素效率和钾钠吸收的影响

我国沿海滩涂种植能源作物甘薯有广阔的前景。为确定苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量,比较了6个施氮水平下甘薯的成活率(SR)、商品率(CR)、蔓薯比(V/T)、干物质积累(DMA)、氮素累积值(NAV)、氮利用效率(NUE)、氮收获指数(NHI)及钾钠吸收的差异。结果表明:(1)施氮量与甘薯地上部分DMA和NAV均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,余同),对地下部分NAV影响较小(P>0.05)。(2)与不施氮比较,施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2对甘薯的V/T、SR、NUE和NHI均无显著影响。(3)甘薯的CR、地下部分和块根DMA以及理论产量(NAV×NUE×NHI)均以施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2显著高于其他处理。施氮量超过60 kg(N)·hm-2,施氮量与甘薯的V/T值呈极显著正相关,与SR、CR、NUE、NHI、地下部分和块根DMA均呈极显著负相关。(4)甘薯对钾钠的吸收量均随施氮量的增加而增加,二者呈极显著正相关。甘薯地上部分钾钠含量均在施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2时达到最高值。施氮量对钾钠含量比没有影响。因此,苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2。