施用微生物有机肥对连作条件下西瓜的生物效应及土壤生物性状的影响

为探讨施用微生物有机肥对连作条件下西瓜生长、土壤微生物的影响,在西瓜连作3年的土壤上采用小区试验方法分析施用微生物有机肥对西瓜的生物学效应及对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。试验设置4个处理,依次为健康菜园土育苗(CK)、健康菜园土育苗+定植期增施微生物有机肥(施肥量为每株25 g)、健康菜园土+微生物有机肥育苗(微生物有机肥︰健康菜园土=1︰49)、健康菜园土+微生物有机肥育苗+定植期增施微生物有机肥(施肥量为每株25 g)。结果显示:在育苗及定植期均施用微生物有机肥使西瓜的生物学性状得到显著改善。与对照相比,施用微生物有机肥使西瓜株高、叶片数、叶绿素含量、植株氮、磷、钾吸收总量以及西瓜品质、产量显著增加(P<0.05);同时,微生物有机肥富含优质碳源和微生物,健康菜园土育苗+定植时增施微生物有机肥和健康菜园土+微生物有机肥育苗+定植期增施微生物有机肥处理土壤中细菌总量与对照相比分别增加24.9%~51.0%和35.7%~55.8%,放线菌数量分别增加18%~41%和15%~35%,真菌数量分别增加7.4%~21.9%和4.9%~31.9%;土壤中有益菌数量和放线菌与真菌的比例增加可有效抑制尖孢镰刀菌活性,对枯萎病的防治率高达83%以上。微生物有机肥能激发连作土壤有益微生物活性,显著改善和调节连作西瓜生长,对西瓜的连作障碍有明显缓解作用。     

在受控条件下植物促生菌对扁豆的生长，结瘤和养分积累的效应

Application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has been shown to increase legume growth and development under field and controlled environmental conditions. The present study was conducted to isolate plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the root nodules of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) grown in arid/semi-arid region of Punjab, Pakistan and examined their plant growth-promoting abilities. Five bacterial isolates were isolated, screened in vitro for plant growth-promoting (PGP) characteristics and their effects on the growth of lentil were assessed under in vitro, hydroponic and greenhouse (pot experiment) conditions. All the isolates were Gram negative, rod-shaped and circular in form and exhibited the plant growth-promoting attributes of phosphate solubilization and auxin (indole acetic acid, IAA) production. The IAA production capacity ranged in 0.5-11.0 μg mL-1 and P solubilization ranged in 3-16 mg L-1 . When tested for their effects on plant growth, the isolated strains had a stimulatory effect on growth, nodulation and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake in plants on nutrient-deficient soil. In the greenhouse pot experiment, application of PGPR significantly increased shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight by 65%, 43% and 63% and the increases in root length, fresh weight and dry weight were 74%, 54% and 92%, respectively, as compared with the uninoculated control. The relative increases in growth characteristics under in vitro and hydroponic conditions were even higher. PGPR also increased the number of pods per plant, 1 000-grain weight, dry matter yield and grain yield by 50%, 13%, 28% and 29%, respectively, over the control. The number of nodules and nodule dry mass increased by 170% and 136%, respectively. After inoculation with effective bacterial strains, the shoot, root and seed N and P contents increased, thereby increasing both N and P uptake in plants. The root elongation showed a positive correlation (R2 = 0.67) with the IAA production and seed yield exhibited a positive correlation (R2 = 0.82) with root nodulation. These indicated that the isolated PGPR rhizobial strains can be best utilized as potential agents or biofertilizers for stimulating the growth and nutrient accumulation of lentil.     

Effects of Epigeic Earthworms on Decomposition of Wheat Straw and Nutrient Cycling in Agricultural Soils in a Reclaimed Salinity Area:A Microcosm Study

Earthworms,one of the most important macroinvertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems of temperate zones,exert important influences on soil functions.A laboratory microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of the earthworm Eisenia fetida on wheat straw decomposition and nutrient cycling in an agricultural soil in a reclaimed salinity area of the North China Plain.Each microcosm was simulated by thoroughly mixing wheat straw into the soil and incubated for 120 d with earthworms added at 3 different densities as treatments:control with no earthworms,regular density(RD)with two earthworms,and increased density(ID)with six earthworms.The results showed that there was no depletion of carbon and nitrogen pools in the presence of the earthworms.Basal soil respiration rates and metabolic quotient increased with the increase in earthworm density during the initial and middle part of the incubation period.In contrast,concentrations of microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass quotient decreased in the presence of earthworms.Earthworm activity stimulated the transfer of microbial biomass carbon to dissolved organic carbon and could lead to a smaller,but more metabolically active microbial biomass.Concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and NO₃^--N increased significantly with the increase in earthworm density at the end of the incubation(P<0.05),resulting in a large pool of inorganic nitrogen available for plant uptake.Cumulative net nitrogen mineralization rates were three times higher in the ID treatment than the RD treatment.     

种植密度对烤烟养分吸收及品质形成的影响

【目的】探讨不同种植密度下烤烟养分吸收利用及产量和品质性状的变化规律,为优化烟株群体结构、发挥密植效应提供理论依据。【方法】以云烟99为供试材料,采用大田试验,研究不同种植密度(13 890(D1)、15 150(D2)、16 660(D3)、18 510(D4)株/hm2)对烤烟氮、磷、钾吸收利用、产量和化学品质的影响。【结果】烟叶产量以D3处理最高,平均达2 287.33kg/hm2,比对照(D1)处理增加13.04%,D2处理次之,比对照增加6.95%;随着种植密度的增加,烟株养分吸收量持续增加,而叶片养分含量和养分经济系数均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且均与烟叶产量变化呈极显著或显著正相关。种植密度增加后每生产100kg烤烟的养分摄取量呈上升趋势,养分利用效率表现为持续降低;D2处理氮、磷、钾养分利用效率比D3处理分别提高6.86%,15.14%和9.66%,较D4处理增幅达24.62%,33.57%和20.06%,其在平衡养分吸收与利用的关系上表现最佳。烟叶产量与旺长至现蕾和现蕾至开花期养分累积比率的相关性显著高于其他阶段,与对照相比,D4处理这两个阶段养分累积比率显著降低。种植密度增加后,烟株单叶质量持续下降,对照处理平均单叶质量为9.30g,D2处理与对照差异不显著,D3、D4处理较对照显著降低9.56%和21.72%。随着种植密度的增加,中、下部烟叶烟碱含量显著降低;烤烟氮碱比均以D2、D3处理最接近于1。【结论】烤烟移栽后按15 150~16 660株/hm2密植,能更好地发挥烟株群体密植效应,改善烟叶营养吸收与利用状况,进而提高烟叶产量和品质表现。     

Physiological and Molecular Analysis of Applied Nitrogen in Rice Genotypes

Ten genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown for 30 d in complete nutrient solution with 1 mmol/L (N-insufficient),4 mmol/L (N-moderate) and 10 mmol/L (N-high) nitrogen levels,and nitrogen efficiency (NE) was analyzed.Growth performance,measured in terms of fresh weight,dry weight and lengths of root and shoot,was higher in N-efficient than in N-inefficient rice genotypes at low N level.Of these 10 genotypes,Suraksha was identified as the most N-efficient,while Vivek Dhan the most N-inefficient.To find out the physiological basis of this difference,the nitrate uptake rate of root and the activities of nitrate assimilatory enzymes in leaves of N-efficient and N-inefficient rice genotypes were studied.Uptake experiments revealed the presence of two separate nitrate transporter systems mediating high-and low-affinity nitrate uptake.Interestingly,the nitrate uptake by the roots of Suraksha is mediated by both high-and low-affinity nitrate transporter systems,while that of Vivek Dhan by only low-affinity nitrate transporter system.Study of the activities and expression levels of nitrate assimilatory enzymes in N-efficient and N-inefficient rice genotypes showed that nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) play important roles in N assimilation under low-nitrogen conditions.     

四种苹果砧木幼苗对锌胁迫的耐性差异

【目的】研究4种苹果砧木幼苗对低锌和高锌胁迫的响应差异,比较其对锌胁迫耐性差异,筛选适应锌胁迫环境的砧木资源。【方法】采用溶液培养法,对苹果砧木幼苗进行不同锌浓度处理,并分析幼苗株高、干物质量、根系构型、根系活力和锌积累、利用效率等指标。【结果】分别在缺锌（0 μmol•L-1）、低锌（1 μmol•L-1）、对照（4 μmol•L-1）、过量锌（10 μmol•L-1）和高锌（100 μmol•L-1）等不同锌浓度营养液中培养45 d,八棱海棠（Malus robusta. Rehd.）、平邑甜茶（M. hupehensis Rehd.）和山定子（M. baccata Borkh.）3种砧木表现植株矮小、新生叶小且簇生、节间缩短等缺锌症状,而小金海棠（M. xiaojinensis Cheng et Jiang）缺锌症状不明显。高锌胁迫下,4种苹果砧木均表现出植株矮小、叶片黄化、生长受到严重抑制等锌毒害症状。低锌处理,4种苹果砧木幼苗株高、干物质量、根构型参数均显著下降,降低幅度依次为：山定子＞平邑甜茶＞八棱海棠＞小金海棠,且小金海棠表现出较高的锌转运系数。高锌胁迫下,八棱海棠的干物质量及根系总长、表面积和根系活力高于其它3个品种,各指标的降低幅度依次为：山定子＞平邑甜茶＞小金海棠＞八棱海棠。低锌条件下,地上部锌积累高于根系,大部分锌上运以满足地上部对锌的需求;高锌条件下,锌在根系累积,以减轻对地上部的伤害。【结论】不同苹果砧木幼苗对缺锌及高锌胁迫的耐性不同。供试品种中,小金海棠耐低锌胁迫能力较强,山定子对缺锌及低锌胁迫敏感;八棱海棠对高锌胁迫的耐性较强;山定子在高锌胁迫下受到伤害最大、耐高锌能力最差。     

施氮量对膜下滴灌棉花氮素吸收、积累及其产量的影响

2004年在膜下滴灌条件下,研究了施氮量0,180,270,360kg/hm2对膜下滴灌棉花氮素的吸收、累积和产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:施用氮肥可以显著提高棉花的生物和经济产量及地上部分总吸氮量,但过量施用氮肥对经济产量和生物产量增产不显著,各施氮处理氮肥利用率在27.6~33.8%之间,随施氮量的增加而降低。植株中氮素含量随生育延长而降低,氮素累积总体呈增加趋势,施氮量对棉花氮素吸收有显著影响,同一生育时期,氮素含量和累积量都随着施氮量增加而提高。本试验条件下,棉花的合理施氮量应控制在270 kg/hm2左右。     

14 C-标记腈菌唑的合成及其在小麦幼苗上的吸收与传导确证

以14C标记碳酸钡(Ba14CO3)为起始物,采用4步反应合成14C-1,2,4-三唑,总强度为5.813 1 mci,比强为15.53 μci/mg, 纯度大于99%,放化收率84.21%。在此基础上,参照文献报道的有关腈菌唑合成的方法,以4-氯苯乙腈为原料,经取代、缩合等3步反应合成了14C-腈菌唑,其总强度为0.556 6 mci,比强为2.53 μci/mg,纯度大于96%,放化收率85.4%。应用同位素示踪技术研究了14C-腈菌唑在2~3叶期小麦幼苗上的吸收、分布和传导。结果表明,根部给药后6~120 h,小麦根部放射性物质分布比例由59.88%下降为 24.87%;在幼苗茎基部和叶片中,放射性物质分布比例分别由14.18%、1.19%上升为 19.47%和33.75%;14C-腈菌唑被小麦幼苗吸收后向顶传导的速度很快,在叶片中的分布和积累与根部给药时间呈正相关,放射强度由2.94×10-6 μci上升为322.72×10-6 μci。放射性自显影表明,根部给药后120 h,14C-腈菌唑可以内吸传导到整个小麦植株。     

Influence of fish food and faecal pellets on short‐term oxygen uptake,ammonium flux and acid volatile sulphide accumulation in sediments impacted by fish farming and non‐impacted sediments

Sediment cores were taken from impacted and non‐impacted areas and subjected to different incubations: (i) uninoculated, (ii) inoculated with fish feed and (iii) inoculated with gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) faeces. After inoculation (or not), the cores were incubated for 8 h and the following biogeochemical fluxes were determined: sediment oxygen uptake (SOU), total ammonia nitrogen flux (TAN_f) and the production of acid volatile sulphides (AVS‐S_p). The results showed that the impacted sediments had a more pronounced benthic metabolism than non‐impacted sediments. Correlations between the variables and factorial analysis showed that oxygen consumption caused by the organic enrichment appeared as the trigger for subsequent biogeochemical alterations. The addition of faeces led to proportionally higher benthic rates of SOU, TAN_f and AVS‐S_p than those obtained in the feed incubations. Although the feed is relatively sterile and does not create an oxygen demand until colonized by bacteria, the faeces are already richly colonized with fish gut bacteria and could start to consume oxygen without the lag phase experienced in the incubations with feed. The TAN_f values measured after the addition of feed or faeces seem to be more related to the leaching velocity of TAN than with the benthic flux, given the short incubation time.     

不同磷肥用量对玉米产量·效益及养分吸收的影响

[目的]为了探讨不同磷肥用量对玉米产量、效益及养分吸收的影响,确定经济施磷量。[方法]采用田间试验方法,在海城、昌图和彰武地区进行不同磷肥用量试验。[结果]施磷可显著增加玉米产量和经济效益,各施磷处理比不施磷处理增产3.2%～21.5%,增收173～1 724元/hm^2;施用磷肥可促进玉米对氮磷钾养分的吸收,但随着施磷量的增加,磷肥的增产效益和利用率降低。[结论]海城、昌图和彰武地区最高产量施磷量分别为89、116和129 kg/hm^2,经济施磷量分别为77、98和100 kg/hm^2。