IMP improves water‐holding capacity,physical and sensory properties of heat‐induced gels from porcine meat

Water‐holding capacity (WHC) of heat‐induced pork gels was examined. The heat‐induced gels were obtained from meat homogenates prepared by adding nine volumes of 0.3–0.5 mol/L NaCl solutions containing 9–36 mmol/L disodium inosine‐5′‐monophosphate (IMP) or 9 mmol/L tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (KPP) to minced pork. IMP at 36 mmol/L enhanced the WHC to the same level as attained by KPP. Physical and sensory properties of heat‐induced gels were also examined. The heat‐induced gels were prepared from porcine meat homogenates containing 0.3 mol/L NaCl and 9–36 mmol/L IMP or 9 mmol/L KPP. IMP at 36 mmol/L enhanced the values of hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and springiness, measured with a Tensipresser, and several organoleptic scores to the same level as the score attained by KPP. Thus, it is concluded that IMP is expected to be a practical substitute for pyrophosphates to improve the quality of sausages.     

牧户可持续发展能力研究

牧民的可持续发展能力关系着牧区未来的发展。本研究基于自我发展能力、自我发展意识以及社会公共空间三个角度,通过建立牧户可持续发展能力评价指标体系,运用综合评价和障碍度模型,评估了牧户的可持续发展能力并分析其影响因素。结果发现牧户的可持续发展能力指数为0.360 1,处于一般等级。其中,牧户的自我发展能力指数最高,社会公共空间指数次之,最后为自我发展意识指数。因此,建议应加强草原生态保护修复的力度,完善草场流转机制,提高牧户自然资本;积极开展农牧民技能培训及其他类型培训,以技术促农牧民增收;完备基础设施建设,尤其是通讯设施建设,以促进村务公开更透明。     

Measurements of the acid-binding capacity of ingredients used in pig diets

: Some feed ingredients bind more acid in the stomach than others and for this reason may be best omitted from pig starter foods if gastric acidity is to be promoted. The objective of this study was to measure the acid-binding capacity (ABC) of ingredients commonly used in pig starter foods. Ingredients were categorised as follows: (i) milk products (n = 6), (ii) cereals (n = 10), (iii) root and pulp products (n = 5), (iv) vegetable proteins (n = 11), (v) meat and fish meal (n = 2), (vi) medication (n = 3), (vii) amino acids (n = 4), (viii) minerals (n = 16), (ix) acid salts (n = 4), (x) acids (n = 10). A 0.5 g sample of food was suspended in 50 ml distilled de-ionised water with continuous stirring. This suspension was titrated with 0.1 mol/L HCl or 0.1 mol/L NaOH so that approximately 10 additions of titrant was required to reach pH 3.0. The pH readings after each addition were recorded following equilibration for three minutes. ABC was calculated as the amount of acid in milliequivalents (meq) required to lower the pH of 1 kg food to (a) pH 4.0 (ABC-4) and (b) pH 3.0 (ABC-3). Categories of food had significantly different (P < 0.01) ABC values. Mean ABC-4 and ABC-3 values of the ten categories were: (i) 623 (s.d. 367.0) and 936 (s.d. 460.2), (ii) 142 (s.d. 79.2) and 324 (s.d. 146.4), (iii) 368 (s.d. 65.3) and 804 (s.d. 126.7), (iv) 381 (s.d. 186.1) and 746 (s.d. 227.0), (v) 749 (s.d. 211.6) and 1508 (s.d. 360.8), (vi) 120 (s.d. 95.6) and 261 (s.d. 163.2), (vii) 177 (s.d. 60.7) and 1078 (s.d. 359.0), (viii) 5064 (s.d. 5525.1) and 7051 (s.d. 5911.6), (ix) 5057 (s.d. 1336.6) and 8945 (s.d. 2654.1) and (x) -5883 (s.d. 4220.5) and -2591 (s.d. 2245.4) meq HCl per kg, respectively. Within category, ABC-3 and ABC- 4 values were highly correlated: R2 values of 0.80 and greater for food categories i, iv, v, vi, vii and viii. The correlation between predicted and observed ABC values of 34 mixed diets was 0.83 for ABC-4 and 0.71 for ABC-3. It was concluded that complete diets with low ABC values may be formulated through careful selection of ingredients. The final pH to which ABC is measured should matter little as ABC-3 and ABC-4 are highly correlated.     

肃北县草原资源调查

通过应用3S技术一体化与固定样地、路线调查相结合,对肃北县天然草原资源进行调查,确定了肃北县草地类型、面积、分布及物种组成,并对草地盖度、高度和产草量进行了监测研究。结果表明,1)肃北县有天然草原5 181 889 hm2,划分为9个类,17个亚类,19个组,29个型;2)肃北县各类草原鲜草产量从高到低依次为:低平地草甸5 093 kg/hm2,温性草原化荒漠3 094 kg/hm2,高寒草甸2 561 kg/hm2,高寒灌丛草甸1 933 kg/hm2,高寒荒漠1 822 kg/hm2,温性荒漠化草原1 665 kg/hm2,温性荒漠1 183 kg/hm2,高寒草原1 143 kg/hm2,温性草原760 kg/hm2;3)肃北县天然草原年总产鲜草886 091.71万kg,折合干草(风干)304 763.85万kg;肃北天然草原理论载畜量为135.42万羊单位,目前全县各类牲畜折40.75万羊单位;4)肃北县具有丰富而珍贵的植物资源,南部祁连山区分布的植物有210种,分属42科129属,其中中低等以下的牧草有185种,占植物群落的88%;中等以上的有25种,占12%;马鬃山区分布的植物种有86种,分属23科54属,其中优良牧草有70种,占植物群落的81%。     

Effect of the strain combination of the donor and recipient on the production efficiency of W‐bearing sperm in mixed‐sex germline chimeric chickens

Effect of the strain combination of the donor and recipient on production efficiency of W‐bearing sperm in mixed‐sex chimeric testes was analyzed. The combinations of the donors and recipients were White Leghorn (WL) and Rhode Island Red (RIR), and vice versa. Generated mixed‐sex chimeras that had the male phenotype at sexual maturity were classified into four groups: (1) a female WL donor and a male RIR recipient; (2) a male WL donor and a female RIR recipient; (3) a female RIR donor and a male WL recipient; (4) a male RIR donor and a female WL recipient. The mean number of W‐bearing sperm detected by in situ hybridization among 10 000 sperm observed were 147, 165, 30 and 45 in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The numbers in groups 1 and 2 were both significantly higher than those of groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). The combination of a WL donor and a RIR recipient produced W‐bearing sperm more efficiently than the reverse combination.     

温湿度对亚洲小车蝗飞行能力及主要能源物质利用的影响

本研究采用昆虫飞行数据微机采集系统(飞行磨)吊飞方法,测定了温、湿度对10日龄亚洲小车蝗(Oedaleus asiaticus)雌雄成虫的飞行能力及主要能源物质利用的影响。结果表明,在环境温度为28℃、相对湿度(RH)为60%时,10日龄亚洲小车蝗成虫表现出最优的飞行能力,单个个体的最大飞行时间、最大飞行距离和最大飞行速度分别可达1.62h、9.87 km和2.03 km·h~(-1)。在温度16℃以下或28℃以上,其飞行能力明显降低。在40%~80%RH时,成虫均能进行正常的飞行活动。环境温、湿度会显著影响亚洲小车蝗成虫飞行能源物质的消耗情况(P0.05)。在最适的温、湿度条件下,小车蝗飞行所需的能源物质(甘油三酯)最少,其飞行单位距离消耗的甘油三酯也最低,能源利用效率最高。较高或较低的温、湿度条件,能源物质的消耗都显著高于最适条件。飞行能源物质利用效率的不同是导致其在不同温、湿度下飞行能力产生差异的主要原因之一。     

豆粕酶解发酵物对仔猪生长性能、血清指标及肠道菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在研究豆粕酶解发酵物对仔猪生长性能、血清指标及肠道菌群结构的影响。选用144头49日龄健康的杜×长×大三元杂交育肥仔猪,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。阴性对照组饲喂无抗生素添加的基础饲粮,抗生素对照组饲喂基础饲粮+60 g/t吉他霉素,试验组饲喂试验饲粮(基础饲粮中10%豆粕被豆粕酶解发酵物替代)。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)试验组仔猪的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量分别比阴性对照组高5.06%、10.07%、5.03%(P0.05),腹泻率比阴性对照组低39.59%(P0.05),与抗生素对照组相比各指标差异均不显著(P0.05)。2)试验组仔猪血清碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于阴性对照组(P0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于阴性对照组(P0.05);试验组和抗生素对照组仔猪血清指标差异不显著(P0.05)。3)试验组仔猪盲肠、大肠中乳酸杆菌数量显著高于阴性对照组和抗生素对照组(P0.05),十二指肠中总细菌数显著低于阴性对照组和抗生素对照组(P0.05)。综上,豆粕酶解发酵物能提高仔猪生长性能,增强机体抗氧化能力,利于乳酸杆菌在肠道内形成优势菌群,降低腹泻率,生长性能达到使用抗生素水平。     

2000-2050年中国草地资源综合生产能力预测分析

分析了中国草地资源的面积变化动态和生产力现状及主要问题，探讨了未来50年中国草地资源综合生产能力增长的主要途径和措施。在此基础上预测分析了至2010年、2030年和2050年中国草地资源生产能力的增长趋势和潜力空间及其地域分布状况，并简要论述了中国草地畜牧业在未来50年国民经济发展、西部开发和解决人民吃饭问题中所应具有的地位。