Fungal–copper interactions in wood examined with large field of view synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study was to demonstrate how synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) can be used to better understand the mechanisms of copper tolerance in wood decay fungi. Copper is a major component in commercial wood preservatives as it is toxic to many wood decay fungi. However, certain fungi are copper tolerant and can attack preservative-treated wood, resulting in structural damage to treated wood members. Here we used large-field XFM to visualize six different elements (K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in the mycelia and wood inoculated with four different species of brown rot wood decay fungi. Wood blocks were partially dipped into a solution of copper sulfate, exposed to fungi in malt extract agar petri dish assays for nine weeks, and then imaged and compared to blocks that were partially dipped in water. The blocks were imaged immediately adjacent to an end-matched control that was placed in malt extract agar petri dish assays for 9 weeks, but not exposed to the fungi so that the differences in the elemental distributions could be directly compared. The colonized wood and mycelia were rich in K, Ca, Mn, and Fe; however, the elements and the spatial distribution in the mycelia and wood differed across fungal species. The most interesting results were the maps showing the copper distribution. While three of the four fungi grew on the copper-rich region of the wood, only one species, Fibroporia radiculosa, dramatically reduced the copper concentration in the region of fungal growth.     

Chromosomal interchanges and phylogeny of some accessions of Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta

Summary The occurrence of chromosomal interchanges was studied in F1 hyrids in two diallel schemes, including nine accessions of Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta, originating from Iran, Europe and North Africa, and the common wheat variety Chinese Spring as a reference. Seven accessions of subsp. spelta differed in one translocation from Chinese Spring. The European accession Grey differed in one or perhaps two interchanges from the reference variety, and Iran 417a showed a difference of three interchanges with Chinese Spring. In total six or perhaps seven interchanges were observed. Thus the number of translocation events in subsp. spelta appeared to be low. One translocation was unique and occurred only in the accession from North Africa. Also one accession from Europe, the landrace Schwarzwald, possibly carried a unique translocation. In both diallels an interchange with a relatively low coefficient of multivalent realisation at first meiotic metaphase was observed in most accessions. The two extra translocations in Iran 417a are considered to be the result of more recent translocation events, whereas the possible second translocation in accession Grey showed such a low coefficient of multivalent realisation that its existence could be doubted.     

小麦1BL/1RS易位系1RS分子标记位点稳定性分析

为检测小麦1BL／1RS易位系1RS位点的稳定性,利用1RS上11个标记位点的PCR特异引物对21个小麦1BL／1RS易位系进行了分子检测。结果表明,21个1BL／1RS易位系中,66．7％的品种1RS的11个标记位点较为稳定,扩增出标记位点特异性带,但有33．3％的品种部分标记位点出现特异性带的丢失或添加,具有不同程度的位点变异,位点变异率最高达45．5％。对于1RS上的11种PCR特异引物,引物NOR-R1和APR1．3可稳定扩增出黑麦特异带,是在小麦遗传背景中鉴别黑麦1RS较为可靠的分子标记。     

咯菌腈羧酸衍生物内吸传导性及对香蕉枯萎病的防效测定

为研发用于防治香蕉枯萎病的维管组织导向杀菌剂,基于植物韧皮部“离子井”效应对非内吸杀菌剂咯菌腈进行弱酸化结构修饰,在蓖麻模型上完成韧皮部输导性筛选和机制验证,通过盆栽试验研究咯菌腈羧酸衍生物在香蕉植株上的输导分布,并测定衍生物对香蕉枯萎病的防效。结果表明：羧酸基团引入使咯菌腈衍生物在蓖麻幼苗上表现出韧皮部输导性,证明存在pH依赖的“离子井”效应机制;盆栽试验结果显示,衍生物1a在被叶片吸收后能向下传递到香蕉植株球茎和根部,并能够降解释放出咯菌腈,对香蕉枯萎病的防效为54.5%,显著高于咯菌腈原药处理组的防效6.5%。表明基于韧皮部“离子井”效应的结构修饰是香蕉维管组织导向杀菌剂研发的有效途径。     

八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂交后代中小麦染色体相互易位类型的鉴定

易位是一种常见的染色体变异类型,在小麦进化及育种进程中发挥了较大的作用。为给小麦育种改良提供新的材料,本研究采用非变性原位杂交（ND-FISH）技术,对八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦品种川麦107杂交产生的高代稳定品系进行分析鉴定。结果发现,4个小麦品系TC、19Y-145、19Y-185和19Y-200分别在7B与3D、2D与3B、7B与4D和3B与3D染色体之间发生了相互易位。在TC、19Y-145中,易位断裂点发生在着丝粒区域,分别形成3DS·7BS和3DL·7BL、2DS·3BS和2DL·3BL相互易位染色体。在19Y-185中,易位断裂点发生在7B染色体的长臂和4D染色体的短臂上,构成4DS-7BS·7BL和4DL·4DS-7BL相互易位染色体。在19Y-200中,易位断裂点发生在3B染色体和3D染色体的长臂上,形成3DL-3BS·3BL和3DS·3DL-3BL相互易位染色体。在这4种易位类型中,除3B与3D染色体易位有报道外,其余3种均为新的易位类型。推测这些染色体相互易位类型可能与四川独特的环境气候有关。本研究获得的小麦染色体有益相互易位类型,不仅能够拓宽小麦的遗传基础,也可为研究小麦的染色体变异和种质创新提供新的材料。     

植物对硒的吸收转运和形态转化机制

阐述了植物对不同形态硒的吸收、转运和形态转化机制。植物主要吸收水溶性硒,包括部分有机硒、硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐。多数研究表明植物对硒酸盐的主动吸收是通过高亲和力的硫酸盐转运子完成,最近的研究表明磷酸盐可以调节亚硒酸盐的吸收,磷酸盐转运子在亚硒酸盐的主动吸收过程中有重要作用;植物吸收的硒酸盐很快从根部转移到地上部,在叶片中被还原成亚硒酸盐,进而转化为有机硒化物进入其他组织;而亚硒酸盐及其代谢产物主要积累在根部,极少转移到地上部。进入植物体中的硒转化为含硒氨基酸和硒蛋白参与植物的代谢。