发根土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)在芸薹属作物上的高效遗传转化

利用发根土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)在甘蓝、花椰菜、抱子甘蓝和油菜的下胚轴切段上进行遗传转化。在这些植物基因型中,花椰菜的转化培养获得了最高的根诱导频率,而甘蓝的转化培养得到了最高的转化频率。同菌株LBA9365和LBA8490相比,发根土壤杆菌LBA9402诱导的根数较多。沿着下胚轴依次截取切段进行转化培养,结果发现从子叶下切段到根系上面的切段,其根诱导频率呈阶梯状上升趋势。在切段上的单根转移培养之前,截取下胚轴切段(此切段仍保留有所有的根)上1～2mm长的顶端部分,转移到固体培养基上培养,结果大大提高了转化频率。     

Hypoxic preconditioning increases tolerant ability of old human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to oxidative stress injury through AKT pathway

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of hypoxic preconditioning on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs), and to provide basic experimental support for more effective autologous stem cell transplantation in aged patients. METHODS: The old hBM-MSCs were subjected to hypoxic preconditioning using a hypoxia incubator chamber for 24 h. The cells were divided into young group, old group and old+hypoxia group (with 24 h hypoxic preconditioning). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 300 μmol/L) was applied to simulate the oxidative stress. The cells were treated with 50 μmol/L LY294002 for 2 h to inhibit PI3K/AKT pathway. BrdU incorporation and CCK-8 assay were used for analyzing the cell proliferation and viability. The protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2 and p-AKT were measured by Western blot. RESULTS: BrdU-positive cells, which represented the cell proliferation, and the cell viability were significantly increased in old+hypoxia group compared with old group (P<0.05). The protein level of Bax decreased (P<0.05) and Bcl-2 increased (P<0.05) in old+hypoxia group compared with old group after using 300 μmol/L H₂O₂ simulate. the oxidative stress. The phosphorylation of AKT was enhanced by hypoxic preconditioning in old group (P<0.05). The protective effect of hypoxic preconditioning on the cell survival was decreased after treated with LY294002 (inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT pathway) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Hypoxic preconditioning increases the survival and proliferation of old hBM-MSCs by activation of AKT pathway.     

Adsorption and Transformation Reactions of L-DOPA in Soils

3-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine (L-DOPA), which is a component of velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens), displays a high inhibitory activity to plant growth. The inhibitory activity is influenced by the presence of soils, because L-DOPA is eliminated in soils. In the present study, the effect of several soil types (volcanic ash, calcareous, and alluvial soils) on the L-DOPA disappearance was investigated at constant equilibrium pH values. In the presence of soils, L-DOPA disappeared with the reaction time, and the disappearance was associated with three reactions: adsorption reaction (characterized by fast and sudden disappearance of L-DOPA within the initial 8 h period), catalytic transformation reaction (constant L-DOPA disappearance throughout the reaction period), and biotransformation caused by microbial activity (accelerated L-DOPA disappearance observed after 72 h of reaction time). The adsorption and transformation reactions consisted of physicochemical reactions mediated by the presence of soils. The amount of L-DOPA adsorbed was largest in the presence of volcanic ash soil among the three soil types. It is likely that the mechanism of L-DOPA adsorption includes a ligand exchange reaction. In the presence of soils, L-DOPA transformation was observed at equilibrium pH values higher than 4 and it increased with increasing equilibrium pH values. In the absence of soil, however, L-DOPA transformation did not occur at an equilibrium pH value lower than 6.0, indicating that L-DOPA transformation was accelerated by the presence of soil. The rate of L-DOPA transformation mediated by soils at constant equilibrium pH value was in the following order: alluvial soil > calcareous soil > volcanic ash soil. The plant-growth-inhibitory activity of L-DOPA was also reduced by the presence of soils, and the reduction in the case of L-DOPA was more obvious than in the case of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Based on the reduction effect of soils on the plant-growth-inhibitory activity of L-DOPA (without pH-adjustment), calcareous soil ranked first, followed by volcanic ash soil, then alluvial soil. This was because the calcareous soil showed the highest soil pH value (7.8), and thereby the L-DOPA transformation reaction was accelerated. In soils with high pH values, the plant-growth-inhibitory activity of L-DOPA could therefore not be detected.     

Zinc Nutrition in ‘Nagpur’ Mandarin on Haplustert

ABSTRACT

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in citrus orchards world over. The management strategy of Zn deficiency today is still governed by the efficacy of two conventionally used methods of Zn supply to plants via soil or foliar fertilization. A field experiment with 12-yr-old ‘Nagpur’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) orchard was, therefore, carried out during 2004–07 comparing soil application versus foliar application of Zn, each at three levels viz., 100, 200, and 300 g tree^?1 with constant doses of N (600 g tree^?1), P (200 g tree^?1), K (300 g tree^?1), and Fe(60 g tree^?1) on Haplustert soil type with reference to response on flowering intensity, fruit set, tree volume, fruit yield, changes in soil fertility/leaf nutrient status, fruit quality, and transformation of native soil Zn fractions. Soil application of Zn at all the three levels, produced significantly higher increase in tree volume over foliar application on equivalent rates viz., T₁ (2.53 m³) vs. T₄ (2.06 m³) and T₂(4.30 m³) vs. T₅ (2.23 m³). The yield-determining parameters like flowering and fruit set intensity (no. m^?1 shoot length) were, respectively, much higher with soil applied (135.74 and 21.90) than foliar applied Zn (31.20 and 11.6). These observations set the favorable conditions required for yield response, e.g., all the three treatments involving soil application of Zn, T₁ (32.1 kg tree^?1), T₂ (52.6 kg tree^?1), and T₃ (51.8 kg tree^?1) were correspondingly superior over T₄ (22.5 kg tree^?1), T₅ (34.3 kg tree^?1), and T₆ (42.1 kg tree^?1) as foliar application treatments. All the three major fruit quality parameters (juice, acidity, and TSS) were likewise more influenced by soil application than foliar application of Zn. Improvements in soil Zn fractions (mg kg^?1) viz., exchangeable Zn (0.25–0.60), complex-Zn (2.71 to 4.86), organically bound Zn (0.86 to 2.0), and Zn-bound to carbonates and acid soluble minerals (2.56–4.96) were observed in response to Zn fertilization with treatments T₁–T_3. On the other hand, foliar applied Zn treatments (T₄–T₆) produced no such changes in any of the soil Zn fractions.     

A short discussion on the chemical composition of allophane based on the data of Yoshinaga in 1966

Many scientists have attempted to discern the chemical composition and the structure of allophane (2, 4–6). Yoshinaga (7) presented the chemical composition of eighteen samples of pure allophane in detail, and concluded as follows: All samples consisted principally of silica, alumina, and water. The silica-alumina molecular ratio ranged from about 1.3 to 2. Molecular ratios of ignition loss (+H₂0) and total water (±H₂O) to alumina were nearly constant, with the averages about 2.5 and 5.7, respectively. The chemical composition of soil allophane fell into a relatively narrow range, and the change in the percentage composition of the three major elements had a regularity.     

The oxidation products formed from: Soil organic matter by hydrogen peroxide treatment

The oxidation products formed from soil organic matter during hydrogen peroxide digestion were studied by means of analyses of carbon and nitrogen, thin layer chromatography, infrared Spectroscopy, and redox titration.

The carbon remaining after hydrogen peroxide digestion, as expressed in percentage by WeIght of the original soil was 0.57 to 4.09, corresponding to 17.81 to 29.00 per cent of the carbon fOUnd in the original soil. The nitrogen remaining after the same treatment was 75 to 100 per cent of total nitrogen in the original soil. The greater part of the remaining water soluble nItrogen was NH₃-N. The thin layer chromatography showed the presence of oxalic acid and V.V. light-ahsorbing substances in the oxidation products. No organic matter other than oxalate Was indicated on the infrared spectra. The amount of water soluble oxalate formed from 100 g of soil determined by means of redox titration was 5.7 to 117.0 mmole. Assuming that the ratio of solution: soil is 5:1 at the final stage of per oxidation, the concentration of oxalate in the SUpernatant solution was in the range from 0.011 to 0.234 M.     

基于室内高光谱数据的多种类型土壤有机质估算模型比较

基于高光谱数据的土壤有机质反演是土壤遥感及精准农业的重要研究内容,然而不同的光谱处理及建模方法使得模型的估算能力及精度差异明显,限制了模型之间的通用性。为了构建陕西省土壤有机质含量估算的最优模型,以陕西省9种主要土壤类型的216个土样的光谱反射曲线和土壤有机质含量为数据基础,将光谱反射曲线进行一阶微分d(R)、倒数对数log(1/R)、倒数对数一阶微分d[log(1/R)]和包络线去除N(R)4种变换,结合一元线性回归(SLR)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和支持向量机回归(SVR)3种建模方法构建了不同的土壤有机质含量估算模型。结果显示:不同类型土壤的反射光谱曲线总体态势基本一致,吸收特征位置基本相同,且土壤有机质含量与光谱反射率呈负相关态势;基于d [log(1/R)]光谱变换构建的SVR估算模型精度最高,建模集和验证集的判断系数(R~2)分别为0.9210、0.8874,验证均方根误差(RMSE)为2.18,相对分析误差(RPD)达到2.8751,是估算陕西省土壤有机质含量的最优模型,PLSR次之,SLR最差。     

Gross nitrogen transformations and N_2O emission sources in sandy loam and silt loam soils

The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen) cycling in soil; however, gross N transformations and N_2O emission sources are still poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory ~(15)N tracing experiment was carried out at 60% WHC(water holding capacity) and 25℃ to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_2O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification were 3.60, 1.90, and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d) in silt loam soil, respectively, which were 3.62, 4.26, and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil, respectively. The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia) in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00, whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36) was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08). This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil, and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_3~– leaching. Under aerobic conditions, both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_2O emissions. Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_2O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0% of the total emitted N_2O in sandy loam soil, which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%). However, the average contribution of denitrification to total N_2O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%, which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%). These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.     

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