土壤微塑料影响植物生长的因素与机制研究进展

土壤中的微塑料可通过多种方式影响植物生长,并且其在植物体内积累会最终通过食物链进入人体,厘清微塑料对植物生长的影响及机制,有助于系统掌握其在土壤-植物体系中的环境行为。微塑料的赋存状态和理化特征均可影响其对植物的作用效果,本文从粒径、形状、浓度、种类、塑料添加剂和老化程度等方面,梳理了土壤微塑料影响植物生长的主要因素及作用机制,并对未来研究的重点内容提出展望,以期为进一步明晰微塑料对土壤生态系统的影响提供参考。     

稻瘟菌糖原合成酶激酶MoGSK3功能探究

【目的】观测稻瘟菌（Magnaporthe oryzae）糖原合成酶激酶基因MoGSK3敲除突变体表型,明确MoGSK3在稻瘟菌中的潜在生物学功能,为挖掘防治稻瘟菌新型药剂的潜在靶标提供参考。【方法】基于同源重组原理,用split-PCR方法获得稻瘟菌MoGSK3敲除突变体菌株,将MoGSK3基因克隆到pFL2载体上得到MoGSK3-C融合载体,并将其通过PEG介导的原生质体转化法导入MoGSK3突变体中得到回补菌株。培养观察野生型菌株Guy11、突变体菌株G3-9及回补菌株GC-1的菌落形态和生长状况,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测稻瘟菌产孢相关基因的表达量;观察稻瘟菌不同菌株的分生孢子形态,通过附着胞洋葱表皮穿透试验及接种水稻叶片,研究其致病力;通过KI-I-2染色对野生型菌株Guy11及突变体菌株G3-9分生孢子和附着胞中的糖原运输能力进行观测。【结果】稻瘟菌MoGSK3突变体存在多个表型缺陷,与野生型菌株Guy11相比,MoGSK3突变体菌株G3-9菌落直径显著变小,生长缓慢,产孢相关基因表达量下降且分生孢子出现末端伸长畸形的状态。MoGSK3基因缺失还会导致稻瘟菌菌丝末端无法形成正常的分生孢子梗,附着胞无法穿透洋葱表皮形成侵染菌丝,接种划伤水稻叶片也无法形成褐色病斑。对MoGSK3突变体菌株G3-9分生孢子及附着胞进行糖原染色后发现,突变体菌株G3-9在糖原转运能力方面存在明显缺陷。【结论】MoGSK3基因参与稻瘟菌的生长、分生孢子形成及形态建成、侵染、糖原转运等过程,是稻瘟菌重要的毒力因子。     

毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂毒性与安全评价研究

通过接触法和摄入法测定了毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂的毒性。结果表明，毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂的接触毒性(24h LD50)分别为0．1634μg／蜂和0．0501μg／蜂，胃毒毒性(24h LE50)分别为0．6406mg／L和7．8261mg／L。根据Atkins毒性等级划分标准，毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂的毒性均为高毒，应禁止在蜜蜂活动区域使用。     

甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂在我国的登记用量分析

为探究嘧菌酯与硒代蛋氨酸复合暴露后对水体生物早期发育的影响,采用半静态试验法,测定了等毒性配比的嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸二元混合体系复合暴露对水生模式生物斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼的发育毒性及对相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：经不同质量浓度的嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸(0.1 + 0.2、0.25 + 0.5、0.5 + 1.0和1.0 + 2.0 mg/L) (其中硒代蛋氨酸按硒元素的质量计,下同)复合暴露后,胚胎出现自主运动次数减少、孵化率降低、死亡率增加及心率下降现象,同时仔鱼体长受到显著抑制,且呈现明显的时间-剂量-效应关系;与对照组相比,在嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸不同质量浓度(0.0005 + 0.001、0.005 + 0.01和0.05 + 0.1 mg/L)复合暴露下,斑马鱼仔鱼体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低,且高浓度复合暴露组(0.05 + 0.1 mg/L)的抑制作用最显著(P < 0.01),而对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则无显著影响;与对照组相比,高浓度复合暴露组显著抑制了线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅲ的活性(P < 0.05),而其余浓度复合暴露组差异不显著。研究结果表明,经嘧菌酯与硒代蛋氨酸不同质量浓度复合暴露(0.1 + 0.2、0.25 + 0.5、0.5 + 1.0和1.0 + 2.0 mg/L)后,会对斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼发育产生毒性效应,但在目前自然水体环境实际浓度水平下,除了抑制CAT活性外,尚不会产生其他毒性效应。以上研究结果可以为水体环境中嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸浓度监测及复合暴露的生态风险评估提供数据支撑。     

Pyrethroid Exposure Reduces Growth and Development of Monarch Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Caterpillars

Insecticide exposure has been identified as a contributing stressor to the decline in the North American monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) population. Monarch toxicity data are currently limited and available data focuses on lethal endpoints. This study examined the 72-h toxicity of two pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin and β-cyfluthrin, and their effects on growth and diet consumption. The toxicity of bifenthrin to caterpillars was lower than β-cyfluthrin after 72 h. Survival was the most sensitive endpoint for bifenthrin, but diet consumption and caterpillar growth were significantly reduced at sublethal levels of β-cyfluthrin. Using AgDRIFT spray drift assessment, the aerial application of bifenthrin or β-cyfluthrin is predicted to pose the greatest risk to fifth-instar caterpillars, with lethal insecticide deposition up to 28 m for bifenthrin and up to 23 m for β-cyfluthrin from treated edges of fields. Low boom ground applications are predicted to reduce distances of lethal insecticide exposure to 2 m from the treated field edge for bifenthrin and β-cyfluthrin. Growth and survival of fifth-instar monarch caterpillars developing within the margins of a treated field may be significantly impacted following foliar applications of bifenthrin or β-cyfluthrin. These findings provide evidence that pyrethroid insecticides commonly used for soybean pest control are a potential risk to monarch caterpillars in agricultural landscapes.     

三聚氰胺在动物体内的毒性研究进展

三聚氰胺是一种含氮杂环有机化合物,多用于化工建筑方面。其具有一定的毒性,动物长期饲喂含三聚氰胺的日粮后将会对动物产生危害。因此,三聚氰胺对动物机体的毒性作用目前已成为关注的焦点,作者对三聚氰胺在动物体内的毒性研究作一简要概述。     

Ocular distribution and toxicity of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in normal equine eyes

Objective  To determine ocular distribution and toxicity of a single injection of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in normal horses.
Animals studied  Six adult horses, donated to North Carolina State University.
Procedures  Six horses were injected intravitreally with either 10, 20, or 40 mg ( n  = 2 each) of TA. The opposite eye of each horse was injected with balanced salt solution (BSS). Ocular toxicity was assessed by biomicroscopy, tonometry, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and electroretinogram. Aqueous humor (AH), vitreous humor (VH), and plasma samples were collected. Horses were euthanized 7 or 21 days after injection and eyes enucleated for histopathology. TA concentrations in AH, VH, and plasma were measured by HPLC.
Results  Three control eyes and one TA eye developed inflammation after injection or collection of AH. Positive bacterial cultures ( Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp.) were obtained from three of these eyes. Other than transient corneal edema in TA injected eyes, which resolved by 7 days after injection, no other changes were observed. TA crystals were visible within the vitreous body. No evidence of TA toxic effect was noted on histopathology. TA was detected in all AH and VH samples from treated eyes following injection. Drug was not detected in the plasma.
Conclusions  There was no evidence of overt toxicity from intravitreal TA in normal horses and a single intravitreal injection resulted in TA ocular levels for 21 days. However, the risk for bacterial infections with intravitreal injection or anterior chamber aspirations in horses is high. Use of topical and systemic antibiotics after injection is recommended.     

A review of phosphorus homeostasis and the impact of different types and amounts of dietary phosphate on metabolism and renal health in cats

Elevated concentrations of serum phosphate are linked with progression and increased case fatality rate in animals and humans with chronic kidney disease. Elevated concentrations of serum phosphate can be a risk factor for development of renal and cardiovascular diseases or osteoporosis in previously healthy people. In rodents, an excess intake of dietary phosphorus combined with an inverse dietary calcium : phosphorus ratio (<1 : 1) contributes to renal calcification. Renal injury also has occured in cats fed experimental diets supplemented with highly soluble phosphate salts, especially in diets with inverse calcium : phosphorus ratios. However, not all phosphorus sources contribute similarly to this effect. This review, which focuses on cats, summarizes the published evidence regarding phosphorus metabolism and homeostasis, including the relative impact of different dietary phosphorus sources, and their impact on the kidneys. No data currently shows that commercial cat foods induce renal injury. However, some diets contain high amounts of phosphorus relative to recommendations and some have inverse Ca : P ratios and so could increase the risk for development of kidney disease. While limiting the use of highly soluble phosphates appears to be important, there are insufficient data to support a specific upper limit for phosphate intake. This review also proposes areas where additional research is needed in order to strengthen conclusions and recommendations regarding dietary phosphorus for cats.     

Timing and temperature thresholds of heat stress effects on fertility performance of different parity sows in Spanish herds

High temperature is an environmental factor that impairs sow fertility. In this study, we identified the critical weeks for heat stress effects on aspects of fertility performance, namely weaning-to-first-service interval (WSI) and farrowing rate (FR). We also examined the threshold temperatures above which the fertility performance deteriorated and whether there were any differences between parities regarding heat stress effects or thresholds. Performance data of sows in 142 herds from 2011 to 2016 were matched to appropriate weekly averaged daily maximum temperatures (T_max) from weather stations close to the herds. Two types of ratios (i.e., ratio for WSI and odds ratio for FR) were used to identify the critical weeks for heat stress by comparing the respective measures for two sow groups based on T_max in different weeks around weaning or service events. The ratios for WSI were calculated between groups of sows exposed to T_max ≥ 27 °C or <27 °C in each week before weaning, with the T_max cutoff value based on a recent review study. Similarly, the odds ratios for FR for the two groups were calculated in weeks around service. The weeks with the largest differences in the fertility measures between the two T_max groups (i.e., the highest ratio for WSI and the lowest odds ratio for FR) were considered to be the critical weeks for heat stress. Also, piecewise models with different breakpoints were constructed to identify the threshold T_max in the critical week. The breakpoint in the best-fit model was considered to be the threshold T_max. The highest ratios for WSI were obtained at 1 to 3 wk before weaning in parity 1 and 2 or higher sow groups. The threshold T_max leading to prolonged WSI was 17 °C for parity 1 sows and 25 °C for parity 2 or higher sows. Increasing T_max by 10 °C above these thresholds increased WSI by 0.65, and 0.33 to 0.35 d, respectively (P < 0.01). For FR, the lowest odds ratios were obtained at 2 to 3 wk before service in parity 0, 1, and 2 or higher sow groups. The threshold T_max leading to reductions in FR was 20, 21, and 24 to 25 °C for parity 0, 1, and 2 or higher sow groups, respectively. Increasing T_max by 10 °C above these thresholds decreased FR by 3.0%, 4.3%, and 1.9% to 2.8%, respectively (P < 0.01). These results indicate that the critical weeks for heat stress were 2 to 3 wk before service for FR and 1 to 3 wk before weaning for WSI. The decreases in fertility performance in parity 0 to 1 sows started at temperatures 3 to 8 °C lower than in parity 2 or higher sows.     

Regulation of fibroblast growth factor 9 on the differentiation of goat intramuscular adipocytes

It has been found that fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF-FGFR) signaling can regulate the expression of adipocyte differentiation genes. FGF9 is one of the members of FGFs that mainly binds receptors FGFR2 and FGFR3. FGF9 is highly expressed in the adipose tissue of humans and mice, but there are few reports on the role of FGF9 in goat intramuscular adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, this study explored the effect of FGF9 on adipocyte differentiation through cell culture, interference, and overexpression. The expression of receptors FGFR1–FGFR4 in adipocyte differentiation and their effects on differentiation were detected to screen receptor gene of FGF9. Finally, the interaction between FGF9 and the receptor was tested by cotransfection. Our results showed that FGF9 interacts with FGFR2 to inhibit goat intramuscular adipocyte differentiation by regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref1), which is a data support for subsequent pathway research.