水稻的分蘖规律与生产力研究

以冀粳１４号的主茎和不同蘖位１￣４次分蘖为材料,研究了水稻的分蘖规律与分蘖生产力。结果证实,中晚熟水稻品种主茎有２个蘖位转折期,主茎３蘖位为第１蘖位转折点,主茎Ｎ蘖位为第２蘖位转换点;在主茎１－Ｎ－１蘖位中,在水稻具有ｎ－３的叶、蘖同伸规律的同时,主茎ｎ蘖位上一次分蘖与主茎ｎ－２蘖位下一次分蘖 具有ｎ－２的蘖、蘖同伸规律,即纵向上主茎每长２片叶,横向上分蘖次数增加１次的规律;最优蘖位形成的规律是：在所有同次分蘖中,Ｎ－１和Ｎ－２蘖位１次分蘖生产潜力最大,Ｎ－３和Ｎ－４蘖位２次分蘖生产潜力最大,Ｎ－５和Ｎ－６蘖位３次分蘖生产潜力最大;合理利用强优势中位蘖具有１８％左右的增产潜力。     

杂交狼尾草生育特性研究

研究了杭州生态条件下移栽杂交狼尾草的生育特性,试验表明,杂交狼尾草平均每叶展开需积温前３叶为７５．９℃、９叶至２０叶为６２．３℃;４叶１心开始分蘖;单株干物质积累高峰期出现地拔节后,茎叶粗蛋白含量随生育期而下降;重施拔节肥是高产优质的关键,根茎安全越冬应保持地温在１０℃以上。     

3个草地早熟禾品种分蘖期的生理特性变化

以草地早熟禾午夜2号、巴润和肯塔基为材料,测定其分蘖期生理指标的变化。结果表明：午夜2号、肯塔基和巴润叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势一致,呈单峰曲线,在较高水平上峰值分别为叶绿素含量2.215,2.000和2.013mg/g;可溶性蛋白0.85,0.64和0.77mg/g。当维持一段时间后开始下降;而3个草地早熟品种可溶性糖含量与过氧化氢酶活性随着生长时间的延长而升高;在分蘖过程中,3个草地早熟禾品种平均分蘖数随着生长时间的延长呈单峰曲线,在发芽后第35d午夜2号2.45,巴润和肯塔基1.98分蘖枝/株达到最大值。草地早熟禾分蘖期间,叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量与平均分蘖数呈正相关,而可溶性糖与过氧化氢酶与平均分蘖数相关性不明显。同一生长期内,午夜2号叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、过氧化氢酶含量以及平均分蘖数均大于巴润和肯塔基,肯塔基含量最低。     

西藏野生宽叶韭的繁育更新特性研究

【目的】明确西藏野生宽叶韭的繁育更新特性。【方法】通过实地观察,分析宽叶韭的无性繁殖及开花结实特性,测定宽叶韭种子的形态特征、吸水与发芽规律;以温度(4,10,15,17.5,20,22.5,25,30,35,40℃)和贮藏时间(14个月和2个月)为考察因素,研究其对宽叶韭种子发芽率的影响。【结果】(1)西藏野生宽叶韭为冬季倒苗型,可分蘖无性繁殖和种子有性繁殖;(2)开花结实期为8-10月份,平均每花序有小花56.33个,开放授粉下小花结实率98.72%,每小花结籽1~4粒不等,结1粒种子的小花占83.48%,结2粒种子的占15.42%,结3~4粒种子的极少;套袋自交下小花结实率18.35%,每小花有种子1~5粒不等,结1粒种子的小花占73.17%,结2粒种子的占23.78%,结3~5粒种子的极少;(3)种子椭球形,横径1.93mm,纵径3.41mm,百粒质量0.987 7g;(4)在20℃恒温下浸种以4h为宜,最长不超过30h,否则种子内含物大量外渗,可能影响种子发芽;(5)种子常温下贮藏1年以后发芽率急剧下降,短期贮藏(2个月)对发芽率无影响,发芽适温为15~25℃,长期置于10℃下也能达到很好的发芽效果。【结论】西藏野生宽叶韭具有性和无性2种繁殖方式,开放授粉和套袋自交均能结籽,种子发芽适温为15~25℃。     

30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油等量施药的次数及时间对稻田除草效果的影响

为探索如何提高稻田除草剂使用效率, 实现除草剂减量使用, 本试验以30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油为供试药剂, 以‘甬优1540’为供试水稻, 保持除草剂总量一致的前提下, 利用大田试验和温室盆栽试验, 通过设置插秧前?插秧时?插秧后单次施用100%推荐剂量, 插秧前和插秧后各施用50%推荐剂量, 插秧前及苗期各施用50%推荐剂量, 以及不施用除草剂的6种处理, 研究不同施药次数及施药时间对稻田禾本科?阔叶类?莎草科三类杂草及其总草防除效果的影响?温室盆栽试验表明, 与其他处理相比, 采用30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油于移秧后3 d施药50%推荐剂量及苗期再施50%推荐剂量的处理, 可使水稻移栽后24 d时的稗草?千金子和耳叶水苋发生量明显少于其他施药方式, 说明该施药方式对稻田杂草具有明显的抑制作用; 此外, 大田试验表明, 采用上述同样的施药方式, 可使水稻在移栽后36 d时的分蘖在各处理中达到最大量, 为16.90万/667m2, 且杂草总发生量最少, 为17.00株/m2, 杂草株防效最高, 为84.17%?本研究表明, 30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油在移秧后3 d施用50%推荐剂量, 及苗期再施50%推荐剂量, 对稻田杂草防除效果较好?     

麦茬移栽稻生育中期烤田技术研究初报

从烤田始期、烤田历时天数两个关键烤田要素着手研究,初步提出了麦茬移栽稻生育中期烤田技术的定量化指标。研究表明：烤田始期指标为田间茎蘖数等于计划穗数,即“够苗烤田”为宜;烤田历时天数宜掌握在１４天左右。并从稻作生产实际操作的角度,粗浅地讨论了灵活应用定量化指标的原则。     

不同叶龄蘖、穗氮肥组合对粳稻产量及氮素利用的影响

以主茎叶片数不同的粳稻品种吉粳88 (14片)、沈农265 (15片)和沈农1401 (16片)为试材,采用大田筒栽方式,在总施氮量225kghm–2及轻简施肥(基肥、蘖肥、穗肥)模式基础上,设置基蘖肥∶穗肥6∶4和8∶2两种施肥比例,并分设不同源、库叶龄期施氮组合即不同叶龄蘖、穗肥精确施氮组合。分析了不同源库期氮肥运筹模式对水稻农艺性状、产量及氮素利用特性的影响。结果表明:(1)在有效穗数、分化颖花数、产量和氮素利用率方面,吉粳88、沈农265、沈农1401不同氮肥运筹下最佳蘖、穗肥叶龄组合均为6∶4显著高于8∶2。(2)不同氮肥运筹下,吉粳88在8叶(叶龄指数57.1%)、沈农265在9叶(叶龄指数60.0%)、沈农1401在10叶(叶龄指数62.5%)时,即叶龄指数在60%左右时,施用蘖肥效果最佳,最终穗数最多,对保蘖起主要作用;吉粳88在11叶(叶龄指数78.6%)、沈农265在12叶(叶龄指数80.0%)、沈农1401在13叶(叶龄指数81.3%)时,即叶龄指数在80%左右时,施用穗肥效果最佳,最终穗粒数最多,对促花起主要作用。(3)吉粳88-6∶4 (8, 11),沈农26...     

定量施用糖蜜酒精废液对甘蔗苗期3种酶活性和农艺性状的影响

选用ROC16、ROC22两个甘蔗品种,分别施用45、75、105 t/hm2糖蜜酒精废液。在甘蔗苗期分3次取样测定叶片多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。结果表明:45和75 t/hm2浓度糖蜜酒精废液处理极显著提高了ROC16新植蔗多酚氧化酶活性,75和105 t/hm2处理则显著提高了ROC22宿根蔗的多酚氧化酶活性;45 t/hm2处理显著提高了ROC22宿根蔗苗期后期(5月22日)的过氧化物酶活性;3种浓度酒精废液都极显著提高了ROC16新植蔗的过氧化氢酶活性,45和75 t/hm2处理极显著提高了ROC22宿根蔗的过氧化氢酶活性。而处理105 t/hm2极显著提高了甘蔗的分蘖率。定量施用糖蜜酒精废液对甘蔗苗期的生长发育有一定促进作用,在一些方面甚至超过了常规施肥处理的效果,而且还能大大降低甘蔗的生产成本。糖蜜酒精废液在甘蔗生产中的利用前景是广阔的,但在国内还只是起步阶段,很多问题还需进一步研究。     

不同茎长移栽及施肥方式对烤烟前期生长发育的影响

[目的]为实现烟株早生快发提供可行的技术参考。[方法]采用盆栽试验,研究高茎壮苗、常规苗移栽以及基肥底施、环施对烤烟前期生长发育的影响。[结果]高茎壮苗深栽平均萌发不定根的长度为16.1cm,与常规苗移栽的差异达极显著水平。高茎壮苗深栽+基肥底施萌发的不定根数量最多,达147根/株。相同茎长移栽的烟株鲜重均为基肥底施高于基肥环施。基肥底施比环施更有利于烤烟茎萌发不定根,并且基肥环施对烤烟茎萌发不定根的不利影响随着茎长的增加而增大。[结论]高茎壮苗深栽+基肥底施促使烟株提前形成了较多根系,提前吸收养分和水分,地下部分和地上部分生长迅速,利于实现早生快发。     

Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under long‐term heat stress is sink‐limited with stronger inhibition of kernel setting than grain filling

The aim of the study was to investigate source‐sink relations of wheat under continuous heat stress and to identify bottle necks of yield formation. A pot experiment was conducted in two climatic chambers exposing wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Thasos) either to day/night temperatures of 20/20°C (control conditions) or of 30/25°C (heat stress) during the whole vegetation period in the absence of plant water deficit. Plants were harvested at four phenological stages: three‐node stage (DC 33), start of flowering (DC 61), grain filling (DC 75) and maturity (DC 94). Heat stress shortened the development phases of the plants and caused a significant decrease in total above‐ground biomass between 19% and 41%. At grain filling and at maturity, the reductions in total shoot biomass mainly resulted from grain yield depressions by 77% and 58%, respectively. The ear number per plant was significantly higher under heat stress in comparison with the control, at maturity it was more than doubled. On the contrary, under heat stress, the kernel number per ear was strongly decreased by 83% and 75% during grain filling and at maturity, respectively. The decrease in individual kernel weight was 23% at maturity. Thus, the heat‐stressed plants were able to strongly increase the number of ear‐bearing tillers which were able to set only a small number of kernels, yet these kernels showed good grain filling. The harvest index (HI) of heat‐stressed plants was significantly reduced by 36% (control: HI = 50.1% ± 0.4, heat: HI = 32.2% ± 0.9***). The plants in the stress treatment adapted to the adverse conditions by less biomass production which presumably allowed a higher transpiration without an increase in total water consumption. Nevertheless, under heat stress, the water use efficiency (WUE_grain) was strongly decreased by 62% as a result of a small grain yield. In ears and grains, the sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations were not significantly different between control and heat stress at start of flowering and during grain filling. Thus, the supply of assimilates was not restricted (no source limitation). Sink capacity was reduced by heat stress, as lesser and smaller kernels were produced than in the control. Concerning sink activity, the sink‐limiting step during kernel set is probably the active transport of hexoses across the plasma membrane into the developing kernels, which could also affect grain filling. This needs to be investigated in more detail in further studies.