四平市玉米高光效栽培技术应用研究

为了克服四平市传统玉米种植模式的弊端、提高玉米增产潜能,进行玉米高光效栽培技术的田间应用试验。阐述玉米高光效栽培技术实施要点,分析其应用效果。试验结果表明,该技术可改善土壤耕层结构、培肥地力、促进植物光合作用,增产增收效果显著．适宜在四平地区大力推广。     

耕作方式转变对土壤蓄水保墒影响的RZWQM模型模拟

基于2011—2012年和2013—2014年河南禹州冬小麦长期定位试验,利用传统耕作、免耕和深松处理下土壤水分、地上部生物量和产量对RZWQM(Root zone water quality model)模型进行率定和验证,然后利用率定后的模型模拟传统耕作转变为保护性耕作方式后0~100 cm土层贮水量、耗水量、土壤剖面水分平衡及水分利用效率的动态变化。在模型率定和验证中,土壤分层含水率模拟值和实测值之间的均方根误差(RMSE)分别在0.009~0.025 cm3/cm3和0.005~0.054 cm3/cm3范围内变化。模型模拟结果表明RZWQM模型能够较好地模拟耕作方式转变后土壤分层水分的动态变化,4种不同耕作转变模式(传统耕作分别转变为免耕、免耕+秸秆覆盖、深松、深松+秸秆覆盖)下,传统耕作转变为免耕后产量最高,水分利用效率最大,达19.3 kg/(hm2·mm)。因此,该模拟条件下传统耕作转变为免耕的蓄水保墒效果最好。     

长期保护性耕作对冬小麦氮素积累和转运的影响

基于长期定位耕作试验(2006—2016年),探讨长期传统翻耕、免耕和深松耕作对冬小麦关键生育期0~100 cm土层土壤含水率的影响,分析长期免耕和深松耕作下冬小麦植株氮素积累和转运的特性。试验结果表明:长期免耕和深松耕作较传统翻耕均不同程度提高了0~100 cm土层土壤含水率,但在较干旱年份,不同生育期免耕蓄水保墒效果优于深松耕作。从冬小麦扬花期到成熟期,无论何种耕作方式氮素在茎和叶中的分配比例逐渐减小,在穗中的分配比例逐渐增大。扬花期,与传统翻耕相比,连续2 a免耕分别提高茎、叶和穗的平均氮素积累量44.3%、80.5%和70.9%,而连续2 a深松耕作未呈现显著变化;成熟期,连续2 a免耕和深松耕作较传统翻耕均显著降低了茎的平均氮素积累量,增加了籽粒的平均氮素积累量(P0.05),且免耕优于深松耕作。此外,与传统耕作相比,免耕显著提高冬小麦植株营养器官氮素转运量、转移率和营养器官对籽粒的贡献率(P0.05),而深松耕作仅在较干旱年份未明显提高冬小麦植株营养器官转运量和对籽粒的贡献率。综上,长期深松耕作并不能持续促进冬小麦植株氮素积累与转运,对于干旱少雨年份免耕优于深松耕作。     

耕作管理措施对残茬覆盖及其分解的影响

The effects of tillage methods on percent surface residue cover remaining and decomposition rates of crop residues were evaluated in this study. The line transect method was used to measure residue cover percentage on continuous corn (Zea mays L.) plots under no tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), chisel plow (CH), and disk tillage (DT). Samples of rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were used for residue decomposition study. Results showed that the percentage of residue cover remaining was significantly higher for NT than for CH and DT and that for CT was the lowest (< 10%). For the same tillage system, the percent residue cover remaining was significantly higher in the higher fertilizer N rate treatments relative to the lower fertilizer N treatments. Weight losses of rye and vetch residues followed a similar pattern under CT and DT, and they were significantly faster in CT and DT than in NT system. Also, the amounts of residue N remaining during the first 16 weeks were always higher under NT than under CT and DT.     

Fine-earth translocation by tillage in stony soils in the Guadalentin, south-east Spain: an investigation using caesium-134

Tillage erosion is increasingly recognised as an important soil erosion process on agricultural land. In view of its potential significance, there is a clear need to broaden the experimental database for the magnitude of tillage erosion to include a range of tillage implements and agricultural environments. The study discussed in this paper sought to address the need for such data by examining tillage erosion by a duckfoot chisel plough in stony soils on steep slopes in a semi-arid environment. Results of the investigation of coarse fraction (rock fragment) translocation by tillage in this environment have been presented elsewhere and the paper focuses on tillage translocation and erosion of the fine earth. Tillage translocation was measured at 10 sites, representing both upslope and downslope tillage by a duckfoot chisel plough on five different slopes, with tangents ranging from 0.02 to 0.41. A fine-earth tracer, comprising fine earth labelled with ¹³⁴Cs, was introduced into the plough layer before tillage. After a single pass of the plough, incremental samples of plough soil were excavated and sieved to separate the fine earth from the rock fragments. Translocation of the fine-earth tracer was established by analysing the ¹³⁴Cs content of the samples of fine earth. These data were used to establish translocation distances for each combination of slope and tillage direction. Translocation distances of the fine earth were not significantly different from translocation distances of the coarse fraction. For all sites, except uphill on the 0.41 slope, translocation distances were found to be linearly related to slope tangent. The soil flux due to tillage for each site was calculated using the translocation distance and the mass per unit area of the plough layer. For slopes with tangents <0.25, the relationship between soil flux and tangent was linear and the soil flux coefficient derived was 520–660 kg m⁻¹ per pass. This is much larger than the coefficients found in other studies and this high magnitude is attributed to the non-cohesive nature and high rock fragment content of the soil in this investigation. A second contrast with previous studies was found in non-linearity in the relationship between soil flux and tangent when steeper slopes were included. This was a product of variation in plough depth between the steepest slopes and the remainder of the study area. On the basis of the study it is suggested that an improved understanding of tillage erosion may be obtained by considering the dual processes of tillage detachment (mass per unit area of soil subject to tillage) and tillage displacement (equivalent to translocation distance per pass) in assessing, comparing and modelling tillage translocation. An improved model is proposed that recognises the complexity of soil redistribution by tillage, provides a framework for process-based investigation of the controls on tillage fluxes, and allows identification of potential self-limiting conditions for tillage erosion.     

Assessment of tillage translocation and tillage erosion by hoeing on the steep land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China

Most of the tillage erosion studies have focused on the effect of tractor-plough tillage on soil translocation and soil loss. Only recently, have a few studies contributed to the understanding of tillage erosion by manual tillage. Furthermore, little is known about the impact of tillage erosion in hilly areas of the humid sub-tropics. This study on tillage erosion by hoeing was conducted on a purple soil (Regosols) of the steep land, in Jianyang County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China (30°24′N and 104°35′E) using the physical tracer method.

The effects of hoeing tillage on soil translocation on hillslopes are quite evident. The tillage transport coefficients were 26–38 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass and 121–175 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass respectively for k₃- and k₄-values. Given that there was a typical downslope parcel length of 15 m and two times of tillage per year in this area, the tillage erosion rates on the 4–43% hillslopes reached 48–151 Mg ha⁻¹ per year. The downslope soil translocation is closely related to slope gradient. Lateral soil translocation by such tillage is also obvious though it is lower than downslope soil translocation. Strong downslope translocation accounts for thin soil layers and the exposure of parent materials/rocks at the ridge tops and on convexities in the hilly areas. Deterioration in soil quality and therefore reduction in plant productivity due to tillage-induced erosion would be evident at the ridge tops and convex shoulders.     

长期免耕水稻田土壤的生物特征研究

对经过 10年半旱式免耕定位试验的水稻土主要微生物类群数量和微生物生物量的变化进行对比研究 ,结果表明 :实行半旱式厢作及垄作免耕法能够迅速地提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和速效氮、磷的水平 ;微生物数量和微生物生物量变化一般存在季节性规律 :春季高 ,夏季至夏末降低 ;各处理土体上层和下层 (0～ 7.5 cm,7.5～15 cm)的基本肥力特征及微生物特征无明显区别 ;免耕处理土壤 ,其微生物的季节性变幅较小 ,垄上或厢上土壤微生物生物量甚至表现反季节性 ,整个生长季节内稳中有升 ,有利于土壤有机物质的转化和土壤肥力的发挥     

覆盖免耕土壤棵间蒸发的研究

本文以翻耕、铁茬等常规耕作为对照,采用Micro-1ysimeter对覆盖免耕夏玉米田的土壤棵间蒸发进行了较为系统地研究。同翻耕、铁茬等相比,免耕有效地减少土壤棵间蒸发,免耕土壤日蒸发量最低,铁茬其次,翻耕最高;从阶段土壤棵间蒸发量变化看,翻耕的蒸发量较高,前期与免耕和铁茬差异较大,后期差异减小,免耕最低;从蒸发占蒸散的比例看,翻耕蒸发比例高,免耕比例最低。免耕可以有效地减少土壤蒸发量,增加作物蒸腾耗水。     

Tillage and crop sequence effects on organic carbon and total nitrogen content in an irrigated Alberta soil

A better understanding of tillage effects on soil organic matter is vital for development of effective soil conservation practices. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of tillage and crop sequence on soil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) content in an irrigated southern Alberta soil. A field experiment was conducted using a split–split plot design from 1994 to 1998 in Alberta, Canada. There were two crop sequences (Sequence 1: spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)–spring wheat–annual legume; and Sequence 2: spring wheat–spring wheat–annual legume–sugar beet) and two tillage practices (CT: conventional tillage and MT: minimum tillage). Surface soil under MT had significantly higher OC (30.1 Mg ha⁻¹) content than under CT (28.3 Mg ha⁻¹) after 4 years of treatment. The MT treatment retains crop residue at the soil surface, reduces soil erosion and slows organic matter decomposition, which are key factors in enhancing the soil fertility status of southern Alberta irrigated soils.     

偏型、粘型和易型小麦雄性不育系的初步研究

调查了10种不同山羊草(Aegilops)细胞质的异质小麦品种 Chris 与1B /1R 小黑麦易位系77(2)杂交 F_1及回交后代的育性表现,结果表明:1.在同核背景下,山羊草不同种的细胞质在对77(2)的育性反应上明显不同,依此差异进行特定的质核组配,能得到更宜于培育杂种小麦的新型不育系;2.不同的不育胞质在同核背景下虽都能产生雄性不育,但