Organic matter dynamics in a temperate forest as influenced by soil frost

In the future, climate models predict an increase in global surface temperature and during winter a changing of precipitation from less snowfall to more raining. Without protective snow cover, freezing can be more intensive and can enter noticeably deeper into the soil with effects on C cycling and soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. We removed the natural snow cover in a Norway spruce forest in the Fichtelgebirge Mts. during winter from late December 2005 until middle of February 2006 on three replicate plots. Hence, we induced soil frost to 15 cm depth (at a depth of 5 cm below surface up to –5°C) from January to April 2006, while the snow‐covered control plots never reached temperatures < 0°C. Quantity and quality of SOM was followed by total organic C and biomarker analysis. While soil frost did not influence total organic‐C and lignin concentrations, the decomposition of vanillyl monomers (Ac/Ad)_V and the microbial‐sugar concentrations decreased at the end of the frost period, these results confirm reduced SOM mineralization under frost. Soil microbial biomass was not affected by the frost event or recovered more quickly than the accumulation of microbial residues such as microbial sugars directly after the experiment. However, in the subsequent autumn, soil microbial biomass was significantly higher at the snow‐removal (SR) treatments compared to the control despite lower CO₂ respiration. In addition, the water‐stress indicator (PLFA [cy17:0 + cy19:0] / [16:1ω7c + 18:1ω7c]) increased. These results suggest that soil microbial respiration and therefore the activity was not closely related to soil microbial biomass but more strongly controlled by substrate availability and quality. The PLFA pattern indicates that fungi are more susceptible to soil frost than bacteria.     

秋浇条件下季节性冻融土壤盐分运动规律

针对内蒙古河套灌区春季地表反盐的问题,采用田间试验的的方法对秋浇条件下季节性冻融土壤的盐分运动规律进行了分析。结果表明,秋浇在短期内只是将上层土壤盐分淋洗至下层,冻结初期才是盐分从田间排走的主要时期;在冻结和排水的共同作用下,冻结期土壤盐分运动规律复杂,导致冻结层储盐总量变化不大,而主要的返盐过程则发生在消融期。在经历整个试验期后,0～100cm和0～150cm土壤储盐量均有不同程度增加,说明秋浇并没有完全达到淋洗盐分的目的。另外,良好的排水条件在一定程度上抑制了盐分的向上累积,这一点在冻结期表现最为显著。     

基于SHAW模型的内蒙古河套灌区秋浇节水灌溉制度

根据内蒙古河套灌区秋浇节水与土壤盐渍化防治的需要,利用SHAW模型模拟确定了不同盐渍化土壤合理的秋浇节水灌溉制度。结果表明：对于轻度盐渍化土壤,秋浇定额一般为142～183 mm,秋浇时间为9月28日－10月23日;对于中度盐渍化土壤,定额应该为180～200 mm,时间在10月14日－18日;对于重度盐渍化土壤,一般不种小麦,而种葵花等耐盐作物,定额为200～225 mm。因此,对于该灌区应该根据不同的土壤盐渍化程度,合理地安排秋浇。     

基于昼夜温度变化的混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀有限元分析

为了掌握衬砌渠道冻胀量及冻胀力随昼夜气温变化的发展规律及冻胀破坏极限状态,根据冻土力学及冻土物理学理论,利用有限元软件ANSYS按瞬态温变模式加载温度,对衬砌渠道冻胀过程进行数值模拟,研究了其温度场和冻胀变形及法向冻胀力与切向冻胀力随时间的变化规律。结果表明：渠道冻融破坏除因渠基土冻胀外,阴阳两坡的温度、冻胀变形、冻胀力既不均匀不对称变化又不同步,也是渠道冻胀破坏的重要原因;阳坡滞后阴坡约15 d冻结,最大冻胀量及最大冻胀力滞后日平均最低气温约4 d,日内最大冻胀量及最大冻胀力滞后日最低气温约1 h;模拟结果与野外观测资料基本吻合,但比稳态数值模拟结果偏大,表明了运用瞬态数值模拟进行渠道抗冻胀设计的正确性和合理性。     

解冻期覆盖盐渍土地表对土壤盐分和水分的影响

选择春季土壤解冻期,用塑料薄膜、麦草和沙子覆盖盐渍土地面,改良盐碱地。结果表明,覆盖对土壤盐分表聚和水分蒸发损失具有明显的抑制作用。塑料薄膜采用全地面覆盖,麦草适用量为2934．8k／hm^2沙子的适宜覆盖厚度为4cm。     

Cryopreservation of Boar Semen: I: A literature review

The present review summarizes information concerning the methods available to cryopreserve boar semen, covering the historical background, cryobiology and cryoprotecting considerations, technological developments and recent advances in cryopreservation methodologies. Successful methods for cryopreservation of boar semen have not been achieved despite numerous efforts world wide. Improvements in semen preservation technologies have been deterred by lack of in vitro methods that can accurately predict in vivo fertilizing capacity of frozen boar semen. The cell membrane is of crucial importance with regard to freeze-thaw survival of spermatozoa. It is important to optimize the survival of the plasma membrane as this is a non homogenous entity both in structure and function. The boar sperm membrane exhibits extreme sensitivity to freezing treatment. Freezing and thawing results in considerable changes in electrolyte dynamics and damages have mainly been associated with alterations in the head membranes especially at thawing. To date fruitless efforts have been carried out to find a cryoprotectant for the spermatozoa membranes and glycerol still continues to be used despite its harmful effects to the membranes.     

2010年河套灌区农业气象条件对春小麦生长发育的影响分析

2010年小麦全生育期农业气象条件较差,不利于产量提高。主要问题是前期潮塌和持续低温,发育期推后,后期持续高温,出现有观测记录以来的最强干热风年,小麦后期发育加快,灌浆期缩短,降低了小麦的粒重;此期日较差较大,有利于干物质积累,降低了不利因素的影响,但小麦产量仍然会受到明显影响。同时,2010年水情较好,降低了高温干热风的影响。     

大目金枪鱼块温盐水-冷藏库组合解冻工艺的优化

为保证大目金枪鱼块解冻后的品质,采用温盐水解冻与冷藏库解冻方法相结合对大目金枪鱼块进行解冻,并应用理化、感官分析及电子鼻分析对组合解冻工艺进行优化。通过对解冻后鱼块咀嚼性、红度值的比较,确定盐水质量分数、盐水温度以及浸置时间是影响金枪鱼块解冻品质的主要因素,再通过L9(34)正交试验,确定出金枪鱼块的最佳解冻工艺条件是：盐水温度为40 ℃、盐水质量分数为3.0 %、浸置时间为90 s,在此条件下的最佳均温时间为12 h,所得的金枪鱼块的红度值为26.27,咀嚼性达到570.05,感官得分为7.2,且微生物指标在行业标准规范内。电子鼻分析数据显示,盐水质量分数对金枪鱼块的气味有显著的影响。与金枪鱼块常用解冻方法的对比也显示,此组合解冻工艺方法具有明显的优势。     

低值鱼鱼丸冷冻解冻过程中的品质变化研究

[目的]对鱼丸冷冻解冻工艺条件进行优化。[方法]采用单因素试验考察鱼的种类、冷冻温度、冷冻速率和解冻温度对鱼丸品质的影响;然后以小黄鱼鱼丸为研究对象、鱼丸感官质量评分为评价指标,通过L9（33）正交试验确定鱼丸冷冻解冻过程中的最佳工艺条件。[结果]冷冻温度为-40℃,冷冻速率为8℃/min,解冻温度为10℃时,小黄鱼鱼丸品质最好。[结论]该研究可为我国低值鱼的深加工提供参考。     

东北黑土区横垄坡面融雪期细沟侵蚀特征研究

融雪期土壤由于受到融雪径流、冻融作用及未完全解冻层影响,细沟发育有别于降雨期。基于野外实地测量,对东北典型黑土区横垄坡面融雪期细沟侵蚀形态及空间分布进行分析。结果表明,横垄坡面融雪侵蚀产生的细沟主要为顺垄型、断垄型和复合型三种。顺垄型细沟平均长度和宽度较大,深度小于其他两种类型;断垄型细沟平均长度最小且变异程度最低、深度最大;复合型细沟平均长度最大、宽度最小。均匀坡面下部细沟侵蚀量最大,占坡面总量的85%,形态以顺垄型和断垄型细沟为主;坡面中部存在起伏区域,低洼处细沟侵蚀量最大,占坡面总量的64%,三种类型细沟均有发育。融雪期细沟发育的形态受微地形及未完全解冻层等因素影响,细沟分布则主要受坡位及融雪径流量等因素影响。