解冻方式对调理猪肉饼品质的影响

为探索不同解冻方式对猪肉饼品质和蛋白质氧化程度的影响,本试验将-18℃冻藏的调理猪肉饼分别采用室温解冻、冷藏解冻、流水解冻以及盐水解冻4种方式进行解冻,通过测定解冻后肉饼的保水性(解冻损失率、离心损失率)、pH值、TBARS值、TVB-N值,并测定猪肉饼肌原纤维蛋白羰基含量、巯基含量、蛋白溶解等,分析不同解冻方式对其蛋白氧化程度的影响。结果表明,解冻对调理猪肉饼保水性有较大影响,其中空气解冻与冷藏解冻组的保水性最好,解冻损失维持在5.03%~5.75%之间,离心损失率在31.02%~32.19%之间;同时与新鲜肉饼组相比,空气解冻、盐水解冻和流水解冻组猪肉饼TVB-N值显著上升(P<0.05),盐水解冻组TVB-N值上升至3.17 mg·100g^-1;但解冻对调理肉饼pH值、TBARS值、色泽的影响均不显著(P>0.05);通过对肌原纤维蛋白氧化程度的测定发现,解冻会引起肌原纤维蛋白羰基含量上升、巯基含量和溶解度下降,SDS-PAGE试验也证明解冻会引起蛋白质发生不同程度的降解。本研究为实际生产中冻结肉制品解冻工艺的选择与优化提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于SHAW模型的内蒙古河套灌区秋浇节水灌溉制度

根据内蒙古河套灌区秋浇节水与土壤盐渍化防治的需要,利用SHAW模型模拟确定了不同盐渍化土壤合理的秋浇节水灌溉制度。结果表明：对于轻度盐渍化土壤,秋浇定额一般为142～183 mm,秋浇时间为9月28日－10月23日;对于中度盐渍化土壤,定额应该为180～200 mm,时间在10月14日－18日;对于重度盐渍化土壤,一般不种小麦,而种葵花等耐盐作物,定额为200～225 mm。因此,对于该灌区应该根据不同的土壤盐渍化程度,合理地安排秋浇。     

基于昼夜温度变化的混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀有限元分析

为了掌握衬砌渠道冻胀量及冻胀力随昼夜气温变化的发展规律及冻胀破坏极限状态,根据冻土力学及冻土物理学理论,利用有限元软件ANSYS按瞬态温变模式加载温度,对衬砌渠道冻胀过程进行数值模拟,研究了其温度场和冻胀变形及法向冻胀力与切向冻胀力随时间的变化规律。结果表明：渠道冻融破坏除因渠基土冻胀外,阴阳两坡的温度、冻胀变形、冻胀力既不均匀不对称变化又不同步,也是渠道冻胀破坏的重要原因;阳坡滞后阴坡约15 d冻结,最大冻胀量及最大冻胀力滞后日平均最低气温约4 d,日内最大冻胀量及最大冻胀力滞后日最低气温约1 h;模拟结果与野外观测资料基本吻合,但比稳态数值模拟结果偏大,表明了运用瞬态数值模拟进行渠道抗冻胀设计的正确性和合理性。     

冻融交替作用对表层黑土结构的影响

通过室内实验模拟冻融交替作用,研究冻融交替作用对表层黑土结构的影响。结果表明:1)冻融作用使表层黑土体积增大,导致表层黑土密度降低,土壤大团聚体破碎为小团聚体,团聚体的平均质量直径减小,团聚体稳定性能降低;2)土壤含水率大小、冻融循环次数是土壤结构破坏程度的重要影响因素;3)冻融作用破坏了表层黑土物理性状,降低了黑土黏聚力和抗冲能力,致黑土区春季产生严重的冻融侵蚀。     

季节性冻融土壤的冻融特点和减渗特性的

本文基于季节性冻土地区冻融期间自然冻融土的大田入渗试验,分析了田间耕作土壤的冻融特点,讨论了冻融土壤的减渗特性;探讨了冻融土壤的减渗机理。研究结果表明：在不同的冻融阶段,土壤冻层的形态,厚度、层数和层位不同,对入渗水流的控制和影响不同;冻结土壤的减渗特性随冻融阶段的变化面变化;而结条件下,土壤导水率的减小是其入渗能力减小的根本原因,而土壤液态水的相变是土壤导水率减小的要源所在。研究结果对于季节性冻     

甜玉米和豌豆的低温保存

研究了不同的冻前处理工艺和冻结方式对甜玉米和豌豆低温保存的影响,并探讨了其影响机理;后用不同的解冻方法对甜玉米和豌豆进行解冻,并分析其对甜玉米和豌豆品质的影响。结果表明,在超低温冰箱保存贮藏的甜玉米和豌豆的质构、颜色、营养、风味变化幅度较小,品质明显优于普通冻藏。     

反复冻融法对枸杞多糖溶出率的研究

[目的]探究反复冻融法对枸杞多糖溶出率的影响。[方法]通过对解冻温度、冻结时间、冻融次数、冻结温度进行单因素试验及正交试验,验证反复冻融法对枸杞多糖的提取效果影响。[结果]当温度低于45℃时,枸杞多糖的溶出率随温度的升高而升高,当温度高于45℃时,枸杞多糖的溶出率却降低;随着冻融次数的增多,枸杞多糖的溶出率逐渐增大,但超过3次以后溶出率提升并不明显;随着冻结时间的增长,枸杞多糖的溶出率逐渐增大,当冻结时间超过3 h后,枸杞多糖溶出率趋于平稳,无明显变化;随着冻结温度的降低,枸杞多糖的融出率逐渐增大,当冻结温度低于-24℃后,枸杞多糖融出率趋于平稳,无明显变化。[结论]反复冻融法提取枸杞多糖的最佳工艺组合为:解冻温度45℃,冻融次数4次,冻结时间3 h,冻结温度-28℃。     

Influence of Thawing Diluents on Vitality,Acrosome Morphology,Ultrastructure and Enzyme Release of Deep Frozen Roar Spermatozoa*

The present investigation was performed to study the effect of freezing and thawing on boar spermatozoa. Thirty-one ejaculates from four boars were investigated after thawing in three different thawing diluents (seminal plasma, OLEP, isotonic glucose solution).From each ejaculate one sample of 1 × 10⁹ spermatozoa was thawed in each of the thawing diluents. Each sample was examined in a thermoresistance test in which motility was stimulated with caffeine 30 min. and 3 hrs. after thawing. Furthermore, acrosome morphology and ASAT release from the spermatozoa were investigated for each sample. One ejaculate from the two most frequently used boars was examined by electron microscopy after thawing in each of the thawing diluents.Differences in the aspects studied appeared between isotonic glucose solution and the other two thawing diluents in the thermoresistance test, in the response to caffeine stimulation 3 hrs. after thawing and in the amount of ASAT released from the spermatozoa. The influence on the acrosome morphology varied between the thawing diluents, but the acrosomal alterations did not seem to be connected with the damage reflected by the thermoresistance test and by the measurement of extracellular ASAT activity.The ultrastructural investigation showed that all spermatozoa examined had some degree of ultrastructural alteration as compared with freshly ejaculated boar spermatozoa treated in the same way. This alteration could not be related to any of the thawing diluents.Of the various laboratory tests the thermoresistance test and the measurement of ASAT release are suggested to be sensitive indicators of sperm damage during freezing and thawing. These tests might be useful indicators of variations in sensitivity of spermatozoa to the freezing-thawing procedure.     

Fertility of deep frozen boar spermatozoa at various intervals between insemination and induced ovulation: influence of boars and thawing diluents.

The fertilizing ability of deep frozen boar spermatozoa was assessed after artificial insemination at various intervals after human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) induced ovulation in gilts. Boar seminal plasma and OLEP were used as thawing diluent agents. The fertilization rates were similar when insemination was performed 2 or 6 hours before the time of estimated ovulation (40 hours post-HCG administration). However, fertility rates markedly declined when insemination was performed earlier than 6 hours before expected ovulation. In inseminations performed 2 hours before ovulation, the fertility rate was higher with specimens treated with boar seminal plasma diluent than with OLEP. As the difference between the time of insemination and that of ovulation increased, the difference in fertilizing ability of spermatozoa from the 2 boars used also increased. The results show that spermatozoa which have a low resistance to freezing-thawing also have a diminished fertile life in the female genital tract.     

我国中高纬度地区冻融指数变化与冷暖急转现象

利用我国中高纬度地区13个国家基准气候站近30 a日平均气温数据,分析中高纬度区域年冻融指数和冻融日数的变化趋势,结果表明:①近30 a研究区融化指数(thawing index,TI)处于显著上升过程,冻结指数(freezing index,FI)呈微弱上升趋势。②融化日数的上升和冻结日数下降趋势不显著。③日平均TI呈显著上升,日平均FI则微弱下降,小于-10℃的天数呈微弱上升趋势。冷暖季节日均气温有两极化发展趋势。④研究区大于10℃累计积温显著增加,小于-10℃累计积温呈下降趋势,冷暖在向两极发展的同时,过渡期日数显著缩短,冷暖急转现象尤为明显。⑤TI各指标的波动明显小于FI,TI与纬度和海拔呈显著负相关,FI则与纬度和海拔呈正相关,海拔对TI的影响要大于FI,纬度和海拔越高,FI和冻结日数的变化越小,而对应的融化指标波动越大。整体来看,我国中高纬地区从20世纪90年代后存在增温减缓、冷暖季日均气温两极化及冷暖急转现象较为明显。