氢氧化钠熔融法测定土壤全磷的优化

为了完善氢氧化钠熔融和测定土壤全磷的方法,提高测试效率及测定精度,本研究利用采自我国不同地区的7种土壤,研究了碱熔温度、溶解所用酸的类型以及显色液酸度对测定结果的影响,并比较了流动分析仪(AA3)和电感耦合等离子体光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定结果的差异。研究表明：用氢氧化钠熔融土壤时,温度达到450℃即可完全熔解土壤,无需升至传统方法中的720℃;熔融后的土壤样品用酸溶解时,盐酸和硫酸都有较好的溶解性,但不同仪器的测定结果存在差异,盐酸溶解的样品适合用ICP-OES测定,硫酸溶解的样品更适合用AA3比色测定;在进行比色测定时,显色液酸度应控制在0.53～0.59 mol·L^-1,以保持显色稳定、减少结果变异。     

Cotyledons are the main source of secondary spread of Acidovorax citrulli in melon nurseries

Acidovorax citrulli (Ac) is the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) disease resulting in substantial economic damage to cucurbit crops worldwide. The plant parts and cultural practices (irrigation methods and bactericidal sprays) that affect the secondary spread of Ac in melon nurseries were investigated in this study. Overhead irrigation dispersed the pathogen from infected seedlings to 95% of the neighbouring healthy seedlings, with 80% of them displaying high disease severity. In contrast, when sub‐irrigation by floating was employed, the neighbouring plants of the infected ones did not display disease symptoms and were not colonized by Ac. Foliar treatment with Kocide after cotyledon emergence reduced disease incidence to 40%, with 37% of the plants displaying low disease severity. Assessment of Ac populations in different parts of the seedlings revealed that cotyledons were the most colonized part of the plant. Images of fluorescent binocular and confocal laser‐scanning microscopy of seedlings infected with a GFP‐labelled Ac strain showed that the pathogen forms abundant aggregates on the surface of cotyledons, colonizes the intercellular spaces of the parenchymatic tissues extensively, and moves through the vascular system of the hypocotyls, leading to infection of emerging leaves. Results of this study indicate that preventing secondary spread of Ac in melon nurseries by sub‐irrigation combined with a bactericidal spray at the cotyledon stage may provide an effective means for BFB control.     

三十烷醇纳米制剂对冬小麦抗旱生理特性的影响

以‘XR4347’品种冬小麦为供试作物，在步入式气候室内开展盆栽试验，设置3种叶面喷施剂型和3个灌溉水平，剂型为市售三十烷醇微乳剂（TRIA，T1）、水滑石负载三十烷醇纳米制剂（TRIA-LDH，T2）和助剂条件对照（T3）；灌溉水平分别设置为土壤田间持水量的90%（充分灌溉，W1）、60%（中度水分胁迫，W2）和40%（重度水分胁迫，W3）。结果表明：（1）在相同水分处理下，喷施TRIA和TRIA-LDH对小麦叶片光合速率有促进作用。中度水分胁迫下，喷施TRIA和TRIA-LDH的小麦地上部干质量较对照处理分别增加69.9%和32.7%，水分利用效率分别增加32.2%和16.4%；重度水分胁迫下，喷施TRIA-LDH的小麦耗水量比喷施TRIA显著降低24.0%，地上部干物质积累量增加，因此水分利用效率显著提高13.6%。（2）中度水分胁迫下喷施TRIA-LDH的小麦叶片过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性比喷施TRIA处理显著增加2倍，重度水分胁迫下喷施TRIA-LDH的小麦叶片SOD活性比喷施TRIA处理显著增加1倍，表明喷施TRIA-LDH比喷施TRIA对抗氧化酶活性的促进效果更好。（3）重度水分胁迫下，喷施TRIA-LDH与TRIA的小麦叶片ABA含量分别比对照处理显著降低21.8%和30.9%，表明重度水分胁迫下外源施用三十烷醇可通过降低叶片ABA含量有效缓解水分胁迫对于植株生长的抑制。（4）重度水分胁迫下，喷施TRIA的小麦叶片保卫细胞Ca²⁺大量外流，而喷施TRIA-LDH的叶片保卫细胞Ca²⁺内流，可见植物对TRIA-LDH的吸收利用效果更好。在水分胁迫下，三十烷醇纳米制剂增强了植株的抗旱能力，提高了植株的水分利用效率。因此，水滑石纳米载体可用于负载三十烷醇，实现三十烷醇对植物高效、可持续的调控。     

化学处理提高甘蔗渣营养价值的研究

甘蔗渣细胞壁物质含量高达90 % ,木质素含量为13.5 % ,粗蛋白含量为2.3 %。通过尿素、Ca(OH)2和NaOH处理后 ,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和木质素均有不同程度的下降 ,而体外有机物消化率(IVOMD)明显提高。其中 ,尿素的作用较小 ,Ca(OH)2 作用次之 ,尿素和Ca(OH)2 处理后IVOMD只能达到麦秸的水平 ,只有加入NaOH才能获得较满意的效果。甘蔗渣通过30g 尿素 +70gCa(OH) 2 g/kgDM、30g尿素 +70gCa(OH)2+20gNaOHg/kgDM、30g 尿素 +40gNaOHg/kgDM、30g尿素 +80NaOHg/kgDM处理后 ,体外有机物消化率从原来的21.82 %分别提高到33.93 %、40.05 %、35.38 %和58.32 %。     

鸡蛋壳膜角蛋白不同提取工艺的效果比较

为探索不同方法提取的鸡蛋壳膜角蛋白的得率及其结构的区别,为鸡蛋壳膜角蛋白工业化生产方法的选择提供理论依据,分别采用氢氧化钠碱法、过氧化氢氧化法、碱性蛋白酶法从鸡蛋壳膜中提取角蛋白,以其反应速率及产品角蛋白的得率、分子量、结构完整性等为指标,比较3种不同提取方法对鸡蛋壳膜角蛋白性质的影响。试验比较结果表明,角蛋白得率：氧化法(24.33%)＞碱法(19.31%)＞酶法(15.19%);反应速率：氢氧化钠碱法最快,过氧化氢氧化法次之,碱性蛋白酶法最慢;角蛋白分子量：碱性蛋白酶法(31～43 kDa)＞氢氧化钠碱法(14.4～20.1 kDa)＞过氧化氢氧化法(＜14.4 kDa);角蛋白结构：碱性蛋白酶法和氢氧化钠碱法提取的角蛋白,二级结构保存完整,过氧化氢氧化法提取的角蛋白二级结构受到了破坏。氢氧化钠碱法和碱性蛋白酶法可用于生产分子量高、二级结构完整的角蛋白产品,而过氧化氢氧化法是生产小分子肽类角蛋白产品较好的方法。     

组合预处理对橡实壳组成及酶解转化的影响

为脱除果壳类原料中的半纤维素和木质素,减少其对纤维素酶的无效吸附,提高酶解转化率。采用蒸汽爆破、Na OH、碱性H2O2及其组合预处理方法,研究不同方法对橡实(蒙古栎种子)壳组成及酶解转化的影响。结果表明,经过2.25 MPa蒸汽爆破预处理后,橡实壳半纤维素由26.81%降低至5.79%,半纤维素脱除率达87.28%,酶水解120 h后葡萄糖得率由10.32%提高至38.36%。橡实壳蒸汽爆破组合氢氧化钠处理后,木质素脱除率可达54.29%。而蒸汽爆破组合碱性H2O2处理后,酶解120 h葡萄糖得率可达76.65%,是未处理橡实壳的7.4倍。     

典型白炭黑工业园区废水的混凝沉淀试验研究

针对白炭黑产业园区废水污染成分较复杂的特性,选用氧化钙、氢氧化钙及聚合氯化铝作为混凝药剂,开展了不同加药量(0.1‰、0.2‰、0.4‰、0.6‰、0.8‰、1‰、2‰)的混凝试验,对废水中关键水质指标变化进行了重点分析,藉此全面展现此种废水混凝处理效果并获取最优适用药剂.试验结果表明:三种混凝药剂对于白炭黑废水混凝处...     

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) protein hydrolysates with in vitro dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory and antioxidant properties

The potential of quinoa to act as a source of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory and antioxidant peptides was studied. A quinoa protein isolate (QPI) with a purity of 40.73 ± 0.90% was prepared. The QPI was hydrolysed at 50 °C for 3 h with two enzyme preparations: papain (P) and a microbial papain-like enzyme (PL) to yield quinoa protein hydrolysates (QPHs). The hydrolysates were evaluated for their DPP-IV inhibitory and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities. Protein hydrolysis was observed in the QPI control, possibly due to the activity of quinoa endogenous proteinases. The QPI control had significantly higher DPP-IV half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) and lower ORAC values than QPH-P and QPH-PL (P < 0.05). Both QPH-P and QPH-PL had similar DPP-IV IC₅₀ and ORAC values. QPH-P had a DPP-IV IC₅₀ value of 0.88 ± 0.05 mg mL⁻¹ and an ORAC activity of 501.60 ± 77.34 μmol Trolox equivalent (T.E.) g⁻¹. To our understanding, this is the first study demonstrating the in vitro DPP-IV inhibitory properties of quinoa protein hydrolysates. QPHs may have potential as functional ingredients with serum glucose lowering properties.     

氢氧化钙预处理对椪柑皮纤维素酶解产糖的影响

在纤维素生产燃料乙醇的过程中,原料的预处理是一个关键环节。采用氢氧化钙对原料椪柑皮进行预处理,研究了预处理中氢氧化钙的浓度、固液比、温度及时间等因素对后续酶解产物糖含量的影响。通过正交试验得出优化预处理的工艺条件为:用氢氧化钙饱和溶液,在固液比1∶30(g/mL),温度70℃下处理时间24 h,经纤维素酶分解后的糖含量可达到11.44%。     

Pathological Lesions in Lambs Fed Raw or Processed Cottonseed Meal

Thirty male lambs of 3–4 months of age, were assigned equally to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design and fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures containing 30% de-oiled peanut meal (DPNM) or 40% cottonseed meal, which was raw, cooked for 45 min or treated with either 1% calcium hydroxide or iron (1:3, free gossypol: Fe). The mixtures containing raw or variously processed CSM replaced about 50% of the nitrogen of the reference concentrate mixture. These concentrate mixtures were fed to meet 80% of the animals' crude protein requirements along with ad libitum feeding of maize (Zea mays) hay for 180 days. The free gossypol content of the raw cottonseed meal (0.27%) was reduced to 0.16%, 0.20% and 0.21% by the cooking, Ca(OH)₂ and iron treatments, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the tissues of various organs were fixed in 10% formol saline, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 4–5 m thickness, and duplicate sections were stained with either haematoxylin and eosin or Perl's Prussian blue. The lambs fed diets incorporating raw, cooked, Ca(OH)₂- or iron-treated cottonseed meal consumed respectively 302, 215, 250 and 222 mg free gossypol/day. No morbidity, mortality or gross lesions were observed in any organs and the histopathological lesions due to cottonseed meal were limited to the testes and epididymis. Spermatogonial cells were absent in the majority of the seminiferous tubules of testes from lambs fed raw cottonseed meal. Most seminiferous tubules were collapsed, with a reduced wall thickness, owing to there being fewer germ cell layers and vacuolation of the basal cells. The epithelium of the epididymal ductules was degenerated, desquamated to a variable degree with hyperplastic changes, and they were devoid of spermatozoa. Most lambs fed any of the processed cottonseed meals did not show any of these lesions, and such lesions as occurred in affected lambs in these groups were relatively mild. Iron pigments were deposited around the portal areas of the liver, the tip of intestinal villi and the spleen of lambs fed the iron-treated cottonseed meal diet. Cooking or treatment with 1% Ca(OH)₂ effectively minimized the toxic effects of free gossypol.