昆虫病原线虫与黑色粘板配合使用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治

为探索昆虫病原线虫与色板配合使用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的综合防治技术,采用培养皿滤纸法比较7品系昆虫病原线虫对韭蛆3龄幼虫的致病力,盆栽法研究斯氏线虫属3品系线虫的保苗和防治效果;并通过温室和田间试验比较10种颜色粘板和3个粘板高度对迟眼蕈蚊成虫的诱集效果,研究线虫与黑色粘板配合使用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果。结果表明:SF-SN品系线虫对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫致病力最高,LD50为60.0条/头,施用线虫剂量为200、400条/头时,其保苗和防治效果高低依次为SF-SN、All、NC116,其中施用SF-SN品系5 d,保苗效果达62.74%,防治效果达60.26%;黑色粘板诱集效果极显著高于其它色板,且下部(色板下缘离地面1 cm处)诱集成虫量最多,与中部(15 cm)、上部(30 cm)之间差异极显著。研究表明,SF-SN品系线虫主要用于防治幼虫,黑色粘板主要诱杀成虫,二者配合使用防治效果可达97.60%,能够极大地降低虫口基数。     

山东省不同地区棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗药性检测及酶抑制剂的增效作用研究

为明确山东省棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性水平,采用毛细管微量点滴法测定了泰安、聊城和东营3个田间种群及1个敏感种群对吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫啉、噻虫胺6种新烟碱类杀虫剂的敏感性,同时测定了磷酸三苯酯(TPP)、顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)和增效醚(PBO)3种酶抑制剂的增效作用。结果表明:泰安棉蚜种群对烯啶虫胺的抗性倍数为16.95,处于中等抗性水平,对吡虫啉和啶虫脒的抗性倍数分别为5.69和9.57,已产生低水平抗性,对噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和噻虫啉的抗性倍数均小于3.0,仍较敏感;聊城棉蚜种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别为28.51、25.88和18.16,属中等抗性水平,对噻虫啉和噻虫胺的抗性倍数分别为6.01和6.37,已产生低水平抗性,对烯啶虫胺仍处于敏感阶段;东营棉蚜种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫胺的抗性倍数分别为37.95、21.52和12.95,已产生中等水平抗性,对噻虫啉、烯啶虫胺和噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别为7.07、6.38和4.75,处于低水平抗性阶段。多功能氧化酶抑制剂PBO和羧酸酯酶抑制剂TPP对6种供试新烟碱类杀虫剂的增效作用明显,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶抑制剂DEM对这6种药剂也具有一定的增效作用。研究表明,山东省泰安等3地区棉蚜种群对6种新烟碱类杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗药性,多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶可能在棉蚜对该类杀虫剂的抗性中起主要作用,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶可能也具有一定的作用。     

Synergistic effects of Miconazole and Polymyxin B on microbial pathogens

The therapeutic value of antibiotics depends on the susceptibility of the infecting microorganism and the pharmacological profile of the drugs. To assess the value of an antibiotic combination of polymyxin B and miconazole this study examined the in vitro synergistic potential of the two drugs on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Antifungal and antibacterial activity was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of broth macrodilution and urea broth microdilution, by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Synergism was calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi). With Staphylococcus intermedius as target we found up to an eightfold reduction of the individual MICs when both drugs were combined. However, the FICi was 0.63 suggesting no real interaction between the two drugs. With Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Malassezia pachydermatis as targets the antimicrobial drug combination reduced the MICs of polymyxin B and miconazole from fourfold to hundredfold resulting in FICi between 0.06 and 0.5 which defines a synergistic action. Thus, if polymyxin B and miconazole are combined their effect is greater than the sum of the effects observed with polymyxin B and miconazole independently, revealing bactericidal and fungicidal synergism. Our results indicate a strong therapeutic value for the combination of these antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast and a weaker value against Gram positive bacteria for clinical situations where these pathogens are involved.     

百合灰霉病高效杀菌剂的筛选和联合作用研究

在室内采用菌丝生长速率抑制法测定了6种杀菌剂对百合灰霉病菌的毒力。结果表明:1)异菌脲,百菌清,多菌灵,苯霜灵,已唑醇,腈菌唑6种原药对百合灰霉病菌的EC50值分别为130.7528、1.2479、3.9247、34.524 0、7.9625和10.1775 mg/L。其中,百菌清的毒力最高,其EC50为1.2479 mg/L,多菌灵次之,其EC50为3.924 7 mg/L,异菌脲的毒力最低,其EC50为130.7528 mg/L。2)不同配比的的腈菌唑和异菌脲混剂均对百合灰霉病菌有抑菌活力,但不同配比,对百合灰霉病菌的抑制率不同,当m(腈菌唑)与m(异菌脲)的配比为2∶8时,菌丝的菌落直径最小,抑菌效果最佳,为最佳配比。3)测定异菌脲和腈菌唑混剂对百合灰霉病菌的毒力回归,并计算EC50,以异菌脲为标准杀菌剂,计算各复配剂的共毒系数,m(异菌脲)和m(腈菌唑)以2∶8的配比混配,其共毒系数为130大于100,具有明显的增效作用。     

离子溅射银对光电协同灭青霉菌的影响

为解决果蔬采后易受微生物作用而腐败变质的问题,该文进行了纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2)光催化技术灭活园艺产品冷藏环境中青霉菌的研究:以活性炭纤维(activated carbon fiber,ACF)为载体,以粉末浸渍-提拉法制备TiO_2-ACF薄膜,采用离子溅射法在ACF薄膜上作贵重金属银沉积处理,研究表面溅射与底层溅射纳米Ag粒子及施以外加电压处理对TiO_2-ACF薄膜光催化灭活青霉菌的影响及机理。结果显示,不同的溅射方式对试验结果有不同的影响,其中底层溅射效果较好,120 s时光催化灭活青霉菌速率最高;外加电压可提高TiO_2-ACF薄膜光催化速率,75 V是最优值,且光电催化作用效果优于单独光催化和电催化的总和。对负载的ACF薄膜表征分析,发现离子溅射较均匀地实现了纳米Ag-TiO_2混合粒子在ACF薄膜的表面及内部负载。研究结果为纳米TiO_2光催化技术在灭活园艺产品冷藏环境中青霉菌的实际应用提供参考。     

Ultrastructural aspects of tomato leaves infected by Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) and co‐infected by other viruses

Optical and electron microscopy studies were carried out to investigate the cytopathology induced in tomato leaves infected by Tomato torrado virus (ToTV), a new picorna‐like virus associated with the ‘Torrado’ disease. Infected leaves, showing typical Torrado disease symptoms were surveyed in commercial greenhouses in the main tomato production areas of Spain. The effect of the co‐infection of ToTV with other viruses which commonly infect tomato crops was also studied. Ultra‐thin sections of ToTV‐infected tomato leaves did not show a strong cellular alteration. However, crystalline arrays of isometric virus‐like particles (VLPs) of 20–30 nm in the inclusion bodies were observed in phloem parenchyma cells of the infected tissues. Tissues co‐infected by ToTV and either Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) or Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) presented more severe cellular alterations. The most deleterious consequences for tomato cells were found in triple infections of ToTV, PepMV and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), where characteristic cell wall overgrowth was distinguishable, together with a large amount of necrotic cells.     

内生菌螺旋毛壳抗生素和水解酶的协同抗真菌作用

 生防因子螺旋毛壳(Chaetomium spirale) ND35生长于含立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)菌丝细胞壁制备物的SM培养基中,从培养滤液提取的粗酶液强烈抑制Valsa sordida、Valsa mali、Glomerella cingulata和Curvulavia lunata病原真菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发。经DNS法检测,粗酶液同时具有β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(包括内切和外切酶)和几丁质酶活性,分别为0.19 U.mg-1和0.09 U.mg-1。生长于3%玉米粉浸渍液的螺旋毛壳ND35的培养滤液也能抑制上述病原菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发。离体条件下检测了ND35产生的一纯化的具有分子量为73 kD的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLUC73)和一纯化的抗生素对苹果炭疽病菌的分生孢子萌发和芽管延长的抑制效果。当内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶使用浓度为180 μg·mL^-1时,抑制了测试真菌的孢子萌发,造成细胞壁的改变,导致了菌丝顶端的破裂;抗生素的有效抑菌中浓度ED₅₀为1.75 μg·mL^-1。单独应用时,1.0 μg·mL^-1的抗生素或40 μg·mL^-1的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶没有或仅有很低的抑菌效果;两者组合导致孢子萌发约78%受抑制。甚至10 μg·mL^-1的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶也使1.5 μg·mL^-1抗生素的抑菌作用从低于25%增加到超过50%的抑菌效果。此外,80 μg·mL^-1的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶使1.0 μg·mL^-1抗生素的抑菌活性从0%提高到90%。抗生素和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的协同抗菌活性可能在内生菌螺旋毛壳的植病生防中起重要作用。