不同水肥条件下旱地小麦水肥利用率研究

探讨了不同水肥条件对旱地小麦产量和水肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同水肥条件对小麦株高、穗长、穗粒数和千粒重有明显影响;补充灌水和不灌水施肥处理分别比相应对照增产39．2％～142．6％和34．2％～152．3％,同时补充灌水比不灌水各处理增产21．0％～40．2％。不同肥料配比以N1P1处理的肥料利用效率最高,并以适当补灌效果最佳,补充灌水和不灌水每千克N分别增产小麦18．0kg和13．0kg。不同肥料配比处理灌水利用效率分别比对照提高0．17～0．72kg／m^3,并以N1P1最高,为1．16kg／m^3。     

Modelling Biomass Accumulation and Partitioning in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Quantitative information regarding biomass accumulation and partitioning in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is limited or inconclusive. The objective of this study was to obtain baseline values for extinction coefficient (K_S), radiation use efficiency (RUE, g MJ^?1) and biomass partitioning coefficients of chickpea crops grown under well‐watered conditions. The stability of these parameters during the crop life cycle and under different environmental and growth conditions, caused by season and sowing date and density, were also evaluated. Two field experiments, each with three sowing dates and four plant densities, were conducted during 2002–2004. Crop leaf area index, light interception and crop biomass were measured between emergence and maturity. A K_S value of 0.5 was obtained. An average RUE of 1 g MJ^?1 was obtained. Plant density had no effect on RUE, but some effects of temperature were detected. There was no effect of solar radiation or vapour pressure deficit on RUE when RUE values were corrected for the effect of temperature. RUE was constant during the whole crop cycle. A biphasic pattern was found for biomass partitioning between leaves and stems before first‐seed stage. At lower levels of total dry matter, 54 % of biomass produced was allocated to leaves, but at higher levels of total dry matter, i.e. under favourable and prolonged conditions for vegetative growth, this portion decreased to 28 %. During the period from first‐pod to first‐seed, 60 % of biomass produced went to stems, 27 % to pods and 13 % to leaves. During the period from first‐seed to maturity, 83 % of biomass was partitioned to pods. It was concluded that using fixed partitioning coefficients after first‐seed are not as effective as they are before this stage. Environmental conditions (temperature and solar radiation) and plant density did not affect partitioning of biomass.     

稀土农用的经济效应和环境生态效应

从农业经济效应和环境生态效应二方面,论述了稀土肥料促进作物生长、发育,提高作物产量,改善作物品质的效应与机理;影响土壤区系中微生物种群数量和土壤脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶及蔗糖酶的功能,继而反馈调节作物生长;缓解酸雨、紫外辐射和重金属伤害作物的生态生理学效应;并以稀土在作物体内分布与富集规律为参考,探讨了稀土农用的安全性。实践证明,稀土农用只要严格控制剂量就能实现增强作物抗逆性和提高作物经济效益的目标。     

梯田田坎水分耗散及其对作物产量的影响初探

通过对陕北丘陵沟壑区梯田土壤水分及作物产量监测结果的分析，认为田坎水分蒸发对田面土壤水分的减少作用，在距田坎１ｍ距离内是明显的，它使作物单株产量较坡地减少了１８．２％，理论计算表明：１ｍ高田坎水分损失１０．９％，２ｍ高田坎水分损失１１．２％。     

小麦品种的抗旱性试验测定

在豫西邙岭旱区和豫西红土丘陵旱区，连续进行了４年小麦品种抗旱性筛选试验，选出了１０个抗旱性强、水分利用效率较高、耗水系数较低的小麦品种。并在豫西进行了大面积示范推广，取得了很好的效果     

坡地赤红壤不同利用模式对土壤磷和酶的影响

试验采用广东东莞花岗岩发育的坡地赤红壤为样品进行研究表明 :在坡地赤红壤的 4种利用模式中 ,旱地种植花生 ,荔枝可以有效地改善土壤的酸性 ,提高土壤肥力 ;提高土壤Al-P和Fe -P的含量 ,减少O -P的所占的比例 ,提高坡地赤红壤磷酸盐的有效性 ;增加土壤表层的脲酶和蛋白酶的活性 ,可能使土壤的磷酸酶的活性降低     

TM影像中大棚菜地信息提取技术研究

大棚菜地在我国北方呈不断发展之势,快速、准确地获取其面积及分布状况,是蔬菜业健康发展和科学管理的客观需求。为探索快速准确的大棚菜地信息提取技术方法,以山东省青州市为例,采用TM数字图像,深入分析各主要地物光谱特征的基础上,构建了能够突出反映大棚菜地信息的大棚菜地指数模型,同时通过对图像的分区、掩膜处理,以及研究区背景数据及专家知识的应用,准确提取了大棚菜地信息。结果显示:青州市2002年4月14日的大棚菜地面积为21375.4hm2,集中分布于青州东北部平原区的谭坊、郑母、黄楼等乡镇。本研究技术方法对于大棚菜地信息的遥感提取有积极参考价值,为研究区及山东蔬菜业的合理发展提供重要技术支撑。     

基于RS和GIS的岷江流域退耕还林还草的初步研究

目前我国西部地区大力开展改善生态环境的退耕还林还草工程。岷江属于长江上游重要的支流之一 ,其水保工作将对整个长江流域的生态环境建设直接产生影响。退耕还林还草的科学问题在于水土保持 ,利用 RS和GIS数据以及通用水土流失模型对岷江上游进行侵蚀强度分级和填图、坡耕地的提取 ,最后统计分析坡耕地和侵蚀强度间的关系 ,确定区域内退耕还林还草的标准 ,并且对退耕还林还草后生态环境的变化和水土流失量进行了初步预测方法。     

西北城市水资源利用的问题诊断与应对措施

黄河的泥沙主要来自黄土高原的水土流失。黄土高原是在下伏古地貌上堆积厚层黄土而形成的。在人类社会出现以前 ,由于植被的保护作用 ,水土流失轻微 ,在漫长的堆积过程中 ,虽然有侵蚀与堆积的多次轮回 ,水土流失也有多次强弱交替 ,但总的说来是水土流失强度小于黄土的堆积强度