喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦的生长过程差异分析

采用作物生长分析的方法,研究了喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦生长动态的变化规律。结果表明:与对照地面灌溉相比,在分蘖~抽穗期,喷灌条件下冬小麦的生物产量较小,抽穗后,喷灌有利于植株对干物质的积累,成熟时其生物产量比地面灌溉条件下高8.9%;在分蘖~拔节期,净同化率较低,孕穗~成熟期比地面灌溉高15.7%~30.9%;从第一次灌水处理至成熟,群体生长率平均比地面灌溉高10.1%;在生长前期(分蘖~孕穗期)叶面积指数增长较慢,在生长后期(抽穗~成熟期)叶面积指数衰减率低,从而使生长后期的叶面积持续时间比地面灌溉高15.5d。综上所述,喷灌对冬小麦群体生长的影响具有前控后促的特点,其生长优势主要表现在生长后期。考种结果显示,喷灌条件下冬小麦的结实率、千粒重、产量分别较地面灌溉提高了5.9%、2.8%、11.3%,二者差异显著。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫表面抗原SAG2基因的克隆与表达

根据生物信息学预测的基因序列设计引物,应用RT-PCR方法从柔嫩艾美耳球虫第二代裂殖子总RNA扩增获得了鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫表面抗原2(surface antigen 2,SAG2)基因序列,将其与pGEM-T easy载体连接后转化E.coliDH5α,筛选阳性克隆,以带有限制酶切位点的特异性引物用PCR方法扩增不含SAG2 N端信号肽序列的ORF序列后克隆至表达载体pET-32 a(+),构建了重组表达质粒pET-32 a(+)-SAG2,并将其转化至E.coliBL21(DE3)。经IPTG诱导,获得了SAG2重组抗原在大肠杆菌的高效表达,重组蛋白的表达量约占菌体总蛋白的35%,融合蛋白的分子量约为47 ku。菌体经超声处理后进行SDS-PAGE分析表明,表达蛋白以包涵体的形式存在。     

响应面法优化森吉木霉M75菌株发酵培养条件

目的 利用响应面法优化森吉木霉M75菌株的液体发酵培养条件,使其无菌滤液拮抗松枯梢病病原菌松球壳孢菌的抑菌活性得到有效提高,获得森吉木霉M75高效抑菌的发酵培养基配方。 方法 采用Plackett-Burman试验设计、最陡爬坡试验,结合响应面设计法优化森吉木霉M75的发酵培养基,采用Design Expert 11.0软件对试验数据进行处理分析。 结果 得到了培养基配方中对森吉木霉M75发酵滤液抑菌活性影响最显著的3个主要因素：葡萄糖、温度和转速,同时得到了最佳发酵培养浓度为：葡萄糖2.75%,胰蛋白胨1.2%,硫酸锌0.2%,马铃薯浸汁1 000 mL,温度31.0 ℃、转速195 r·min−1,接种量5%,装液量180 mL,发酵培养5 d。 结论 获得了在实验室条件下森吉木霉M75菌株高效抑菌的发酵培养基配方和培养条件,为森吉木霉菌株后续的研究提供了有效依据。     

Optimization of Fermentation Medium for Cordyceps brasiliensis Using Response Surface Methodology

The composition of fermentation medium for producing Cordyceps brasiliensis mycelium was optimized using response surface methodology. A Plackett-Burman design was applied to screen potential key factors selected on the basis of preliminary experiments, and the steepest ascent method was adopted to approach the approximate optimal medium composition. Finally, central composite design and response surface methodology were applied to define more precisely the optimal composition of the fermentation medium. Our data revealed glucose and beef extract to be the most influential parameters, and the composition of the optimal fermentation medium (100 mL) was determined to consist of 4.46 g glucose, 2 g soluble starch, 4 g silkworm powder, 2.93 g beef extract, 0.10 g KH2PO4 and 0.15 g MgSO4·7H2O.     

Burial rates of surrogate seeds in arable fields

The probability of seed consumption by surface-dwelling predators depends on the duration of seed exposure on the soil surface. We investigated seed burial using painted ceramic beads as surrogate seeds. Fifty beads of three size classes each were applied to small arenas within crop fields and their fates were followed from August to October. New sets of beads were applied as soon as most beads had disappeared from the soil surface. Bead availability on the soil surface declined immediately after placement, and then declined steadily over time, with increased loss during rain and management practices. Smaller beads were incorporated into the soil/litter matrix more easily than larger beads. Bead burial differed considerably among crop environments, with more burial in forage crops (red clover, lucerne) than in row crops (soyabean, maize). The fact that seed availability differed among crop environments suggests that it can be manipulated to maximise predation risk.     

不同保护性耕作模式对冬小麦产量及土壤理化性状的影响

在大田条件下设4个处理:传统耕作(CT)、还田免耕(NT1)、整秆覆盖免耕(NT2)、还田深松免耕(NTS),研究了保护性耕作模式对冬小麦产量及土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明,小麦返青后,保护性耕作0~20 cm土壤容重低于传统处理,有机质含量、速效氮、速效钾和速效磷含量高于传统处理,但20~40 cm土壤养分各项指标除NTS表现与0~20 cm相同趋势外,NT1和NT2有减小趋势。保护性耕作最终提高了小麦穗粒数和千粒重,但降低了公顷穗数,比传统耕作减少240万/hm2,产量表现:NTS>CT>NT2>NT1。表明,土壤深松技术与秸秆还田相结合,能有效改善和提高土壤耕层和耕层以下土壤理化性状,发挥保护性耕作的增产潜力。     

Estimation of the total surface area in Indian elephants (Elephas maximus indicus)

Twenty-four adult Indian elephants (Elephas maximus indicus) of both sexes and different ages and weights, belonging to the Temple Devaswoms, the Forest Department of the Government of Kerala and the Gemini Circus formed the experimental subjects from which formulae were derived to predict the total surface area from either body measurements or areas of individual regions. Several models, using the parameters studied either singly or in combination, were tried independently for males and females and also for adults irrespective of sex. The best prediction of total surface area (S) in m² was obtained for adults irrespective of sex by using the two parameters, the height at the shoulders (H) in m and forefoot pad circumference (FFC) in m in the formula S=–8.245+6.807H+7.073FFC. No significant improvement in the accuracy of prediction resulted from the use of the independent best fit formulae for males and females. The conventional method of using the exponential of body weight (kg) for predicting suface area was not found to yield an equivalent accuracy in these animals.     

高等级公路沥青混凝土路面施工的几点体会

结合双鸭山双七二级公路改建工程第3合同段对沥青混凝土路面的施工过程，介绍了高等级公路沥青混凝土路面的配合比设计和施工方法，对今后的沥青混凝土路面施工有较好的借鉴作用。