补充营养对茶银尺蠖成虫寿命和产卵量的影响

茶银尺蠖[Scopula subpunctaria (Herrich-Schaeffer)]是危害茶树的常见害虫之一。为了更好地在实验室内饲养此害虫,获得大量供试虫源,研究了补充不同营养对茶银尺蠖成虫寿命和产卵量的影响。结果表明,成虫补充10%蜂蜜水和10%糖水时,雌成虫平均单雌产卵量显著提高,分别为(152.5±16.83)粒和(177.5±19.01)粒;产卵期显著延长,分别为(17.8±1.08) d和(21.4±1.27) d。补充不同营养对雌成虫产卵期和产卵后期有显著影响,但对产卵前期影响不显著。补充10%糖水时,雌成虫的寿命最长,为(29.1±1.41) d,显著高于其他处理;而在10%蜂蜜水、水和对照处理下,雌成虫寿命分别为(23.8±1.15)、(14.4±0.48)、(6.3±0.37) d。补充10%糖水和10%蜂蜜水时,雄成虫的寿命分别为(21.3±0.93) d和(19.5±1.20) d,显著高于水和空白对照处理。在每个处理下,雌成虫的寿命均高于雄成虫。综上所述,10%糖水可作为成虫补充营养的最佳选择。     

硫磺对苹果连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响

以盆栽的试验方式,研究了在老龄苹果园土壤中添加不同量（0、0.1、0.3、0.5 g ? kg-1）的硫磺对土壤微生物环境及再植平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）幼苗的影响,为减轻苹果连作障碍提供理论依据。温室和露地盆栽结果显示：硫磺对改善连作土壤环境及促进平邑甜茶幼苗的生长具有良好的效果,但不同添加量促进效果不尽相同,其中以0.3 g ? kg-1的促进效果最为显著。与对照相比,0.3 g ? kg-1的硫磺处理浓度下平邑甜茶幼苗株高、地径、鲜质量、干质量分别增加了60.83%（26.03%,露地数据,下同）、26.78%（19.66%）、73.44%（62.15%）和93.32%（72.93%）;根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根系呼吸速率提高了1.47倍（1.82倍）、2.28倍（2.05倍）、2.05倍（2.74倍）、1.73倍（1.67倍）、2.12倍（1.98倍）。硫磺处理后叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数、土壤酶的活性均有不同程度提高。0.3 g ? kg-1硫磺处理具有最高的细菌与真菌比值、真菌的丰富度和多样性指数及最低的优势度指数。主成分分析发现,随硫磺添加量增加,土壤真菌群落与对照距离越来越远,但当添加量由0.3 g ? kg-1增加至0.5 g ? kg-1对改善连作土壤环境的效果不是特别明显。实时荧光定量结果表明,硫磺的添加可以显著降低串珠镰孢菌基因拷贝数。综上,0.3 g ? kg-1硫磺处理可较好地优化土壤环境,促进平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,可作为一种减轻苹果连作障碍的有效方法。     

Identification and evaluation of high nitrogen nutrition efficiency in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm

To establish identification and evaluation methods of N (nitrogen) absorption and utilization of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), difference of N nutrition efficiency (NNE) among rapeseed germplasms and relationship between NNE and plant traits under various N application rates were analyzed in this research. Pot cultivating experiments were conducted to investigate NNE with 3 ​N application rates in soil (0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 ​g/kg). A total of 12 rapeseed germplasms were planted, nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) in seedling stage, bolting stage, initial flowering stage, final flowering stage, and maturity stage were obtained. Results showed that bolting stage was the best period for NAE identification and evaluation. Low N application rate in soil (0.05 ​g/kg) was the best for NAE, and the indirect indexes were basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight. Maturity stage was the best period for NUE identification and evaluation. High N application rate in soil (0.3 ​g/kg) was the best for NUE, and indirect indexes were above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter. N application rates of 0.05 ​g/kg in soil was the best for nitrogen harvest index at maturity stage, and indirect indexes was number of pods per plant. Plant traits of rapeseed germplasms affected NNE. Higher basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight at bolting stage under low N application rate were important characteristics of N absorption in rapeseed. Higher above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter at maturity stage under high N application rate were important characteristics of N utilization. Higher number of pods per plant at maturity stage under lowe N application rate was an important characteristic of N harvest index. These results provided a reliable index for N management and provided theoretical basis for guiding rapeseed breeding.     

Response of industrial hemp to Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities under organic and conventional fertilisation

A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrition systems and Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities on industrial hemp yield and its components. Experiments were conducted as a split plot in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Factors were fertilisation (poultry manure, vermicompost and nitrogen fertiliser) as the main plot and weed density (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants/m²) as the subplot. Results indicated that the maximum number of racemes per plant, seeds per raceme, 1000-seed weight, biomass, grain yield and harvest index (HI) of industrial hemp were obtained using vermicompost and were reduced with nitrogen fertiliser application. All measured properties in hemp plants decreased due to increasing S. kali subsp. tragus density, especially at 15 and 20 plants/m². The most significant reduction in hemp grain yield and its components was observed by increasing weed density with the application of nitrogen fertiliser. The application of vermicompost at high weed densities resulted in greater hemp grain yield and its components compared with nitrogen fertiliser. It is recommended to apply organic fertilisers, especially vermicompost at high S. kali subsp. tragus densities.     

水仙营养液栽培试验初报

水仙营养液栽培与清水栽培对比试验结果表明,生产上可以通过营养液对水仙的生长和发育进行调控,达到叶壮、根系完好、花穗分化率高、小花数量多、花朵大和花期长等效果。     

猪营养调控技术研究进展

我国是生猪养殖与猪肉消费大国,多年来猪肉总产量和人均猪肉占有量居世界首位。由于人们对猪肉品质需求的不断提高及研究的不断深入,我国猪营养研究也经历了从最初营养需要的研究,到通过营养技术调控猪肉品质、肠道健康、繁殖性能和免疫等方面的转变。随着研究模型、组学技术、功能性分子营养以及肠道健康等研究手段的不断进步,生猪营养调控技术的研究进入到高速发展阶段。综述了近 5 年来国内外生猪相关营养调控技术,包括母猪、公猪、仔猪和生长育肥猪的营养需求（能量、蛋白质和氨基酸、常量和微量元素、添加剂等）,生产性能与营养调控,饲料营养价值评定,精准饲喂技术等多个方面,以期为今后生猪营养调控技术的进一步研究提供参考。     

绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因及防治技术研究

【目的】探讨绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因和防治措施。【方法】采取调查分析与田间试验的方法,比较不同除草剂处理水稻青立病发病情况,测定发病田块土壤和水稻植株重金属种类及含量,初步明确绵阳市水稻青立病发病原因;分析不同防治手段下水稻青立病发病情况,探索水稻青立病防治措施。【结果】施用除草剂不会引起水稻青立病发生,但过量施用会显著降低稻谷产量。与不发病田块相比,发病田块 0~50 cm 土层重金属砷含量增加 2.3~5.6 mg/kg;与不发病植株相比,发病水稻植株总砷含量增加 0.03~0.20 mg/kg;与对照相比,在小麦季随整地施用硫磺并在水稻季随整地施用石灰可降低水稻青立病发病率 20.74%;与种植籼稻品种相比,在水稻青立病易发病田块种植粳稻品种可使发病率显著降低。【结论】绵阳市水稻青立病发生原因为土壤重金属砷、镉和铜含量偏高。苄乙、吡嘧磺隆、二氯喹啉酸和五氟磺草胺 4 种除草剂施用不是水稻青立病的发病原因。在麦稻轮作和秸秆全量还田条件下,在小麦季随整地施用硫磺并在水稻季随整地施用石灰对水稻青立病防治效果显著。     

基于RGB颜色空间的早稻氮素营养监测研究

针对双季稻区水稻过量施肥带来环境污染和成本提高问题,设计不同品种氮肥梯度大田试验,应用数码相机获取早稻冠层数字图像,研究不同色彩参数及早稻氮素营养指标的时空变化特征,以期确立双季早稻氮素营养预测模型。结果表明:不同品种同一氮肥处理下图像色彩参数差异不大;拔节期数字图像参数对氮素营养指标敏感;模型构建结果显示,图像参数INT与水稻氮素营养指标构建的模型决定系数(R2)最大,模型预测效果最佳,R2分别为0.895 7和0.924 7;进一步采用多元回归分析和BP神经网络分析法进行预测,预测效果均较好。对预测结果进行检验,发现品种对于模型的构建影响不大,以BP神经网络分析法构建的叶片氮浓度(LNC)模型和以INT为敏感色彩参数构建的叶片氮积累量(LNA)回归模型效果最优,而多元回归分析方法则效果不佳。早稻冠层RGB颜色空间敏感参数与氮素营养指标间相关性较好,可以实现氮素营养的无损监测诊断。     

磷硫配施对冬小麦硒吸收及转运的影响

为了探讨磷硫配施对冬小麦产量、硒的吸收及转运的影响,为生产富硒小麦或合理调控小麦硒含量提供理论依据,采用盆栽试验,设置不同磷、硫水平,在小麦成熟期测定产量及植株各部位硒含量。结果表明：硫磷的配合施用能显著提高冬小麦产量,S0.1P0.4处理下冬小麦产量最高。除颖壳外,冬小麦各部位硒含量最高值都出现在S0P0处理。不论施硫与否,施磷均能显著降低冬小麦各部位硒含量,提高小麦植株硒累积量,促进冬小麦茎叶向颖壳的硒迁移,降低根向茎叶、颖壳向籽粒的硒迁移系数,还会减小籽粒的硒分配。单独施硫会降低植株的硒累积量,促进冬小麦根向茎叶、茎叶向颖壳的硒迁移,降低颖壳向籽粒的硒迁移系数,低硫处理能增加小麦籽粒的硒分配,高硫处理则降低了籽粒的硒分配。S0P0.2处理能显著提高籽粒硒累积量,而高浓度的磷硫配施会降低籽粒硒累积量;S0.1P0和S0.1P0.2处理籽粒硒分配较大,分别是45.3%和44.8%。因此,硫磷的合理配施能显著提高小麦产量,低硫（S0.1）高磷（P0.4）处理增产最显著。低硫（S0.1）低磷（P0.2）处理能更有效地增加植株硒累积量,增强硒在籽粒中的累积。     

鹰嘴豆短肽的分步酶解法制备及其营养价值评价

以鹰嘴豆蛋白为原料,建立复合酶分步酶解法制备鹰嘴豆短肽的工艺。在鹰嘴豆蛋白碱性蛋白酶Alcalase水解的基础上,进一步采用中性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶Flavourzyme继续水解鹰嘴豆蛋白碱性蛋白酶Alcalase酶解物,并对各影响因素进行研究,建立短肽得率与各影响因素的回归模型,利用高效液相色谱法和氨基酸自动分析仪等测定鹰嘴豆短肽的相对分子质量、氨基酸组成、一般营养成分,评价鹰嘴豆短肽的营养价值。结果表明,中性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶Flavourzyme制备鹰嘴豆短肽的最佳工艺参数为:复合酶添加量5 678 U/g,pH 7.0,水解时间216 min,水解温度55℃,在此条件下,短肽得率为63.79%,与碱性蛋白酶Alcalase单独酶解相比明显提高,水解度为26.74%;大部分水解产物的相对分子质量低于1 000、脂肪含量低,蛋白质、必需氨基酸等含量丰富,与FAO/WHO推荐的成人需求量模式相比,其第一限制氨基酸是蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸,与学龄儿童需求量模式相比,其第一限制氨基酸是苏氨酸,氨基酸分分别高达138.18和103.25;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.73,接近FAO/WHO参考标准值0.6。该研究为进一步开发利用和工业化生产鹰嘴豆短肽奠定了基础。