多尺度行政区平衡视角下耕地空间布局优化

优化耕地空间布局对提升耕地生产能力、促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义。该研究以广东封开县为例,基于“现状耕地调出-可恢复地类调入”的微观调整逻辑,综合运用空间叠加、综合评价及蚁群优化算法,构建了耕地空间布局调整模型,以调入调出数量平衡为约束条件实现了不同行政区尺度下的耕地布局优化。结果表明：1）研究区共调出耕地1 689.89 hm²,占耕地总面积的7.62%,整体上呈现出“全局零散、局部聚集”的分布特征。2）研究区可恢复地类农业生产适宜性均值为67.04,具有开展作物种植的良好禀赋条件。3）不同行政区尺度平衡情景下,调入结果在研究区北部空间差异显著,与镇内平衡情景相比,县内平衡情景下,调入耕地的农业生产适宜性均值提高了2.08,综合生态系统服务均值下降了0.67。4）两种情景下,耕地的连片性、质量及稳定性均得到提升,因不受调入规模和行政单元空间范围限制,县内平衡情景下的提升效果更加明显,适当扩大可恢复地类筛选范围有利于提升整体耕地质量并降低重要生态用地筛选概率。该研究构建的耕地空间布局调整模型具有良好的适用性,可为制定农用地布局优化与整治提升方案提供参考依据。     

四川阿坝州草原畜牧业现状、存在问题及发展对策

介绍了阿坝州草原资源和畜牧业发展现状,论述了草原生态保护与畜牧业的关系,剖析了草原生态与畜牧业发展中存在的问题,并针对存在的问题提出了实现草原生态保护和畜牧业平衡发展的对策。     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊形成的机理分析

依据实际调查资料并结合前人研究成果,在探明区域水文地质条件的基础上,系统计算分析了沙漠区及外围盆地地下水的补给与排泄,发现沙漠区地下水补给量小于排泄量2.55×108 m3/a,不能解释内陆湖泊水量长久不衰的原因;而位于沙漠区西缘的黑河金塔-鼎新盆地地下水补给量大于排泄量2.66×108 m3/a,未见盆地内地下水位大幅度上升,多余的水量不知去向;与沙漠区衔接的其它盆地地下水资源匮乏且处于补排基本平衡的状态,根本无途径和多余的水量补给沙漠区.前人研究结果证实,横贯我国西北-东西的阿尔金大断裂的东延部分及其所形成的羽翼状断层带存在地表破碎带,且地势西高东低并具有良好的导水性,而这个地表破碎带通过了金塔-鼎新盆地和巴丹吉林沙漠,正好位于沙漠内陆湖泊群附近.而湖泊群一带存在大量钙华和钙质胶结层及湖水中3He/4He的比值,均表明湖泊水经过了深部地壳层的循环,加上黑河正义峡-哨马营段河水海拔高于湖泊群的佐证,认为黑河在金塔-鼎新盆地强烈渗漏所产生的地下水顺着阿尔金断裂自西向东源源不断地补给了巴丹吉林沙漠,经过目前还不为人知的深部循环方式,地下水在湖泊群地表破碎带向上运移形成上升泉,最终成为巴丹吉林内陆沙漠湖泊群水源的补给来源.     

且末绿洲适宜规模研究

干旱区平原绿洲,应以水为中心确定绿洲规模,防止水资源不足情况下土地过度开发造成的荒漠化和沙漠化。应用基于生态水热平衡的适宜绿洲规模数学模型,对且末绿洲现状年的绿洲适宜发展规模进行了研究。结果表明：（1）且末绿洲稳定性指数为0.535 8,绿洲处于亚稳定状态,生态系统呈开始退化趋势,绿洲需要较高的投入才能保持稳定。（2）且末绿洲适宜规模为609.22～812.29km2,且末绿洲适宜耕地面积为92.66～123.55km2。通过资料可知,且末绿洲现有规模为992.16km2,超出适宜规模0.2～0.6倍;现有耕地面积为150.88km2,也超出了适宜耕地面积的0.2～0.6倍。从生态可持续角度出发,绿洲面积不宜再扩大。     

供硫和丛枝菌根真菌对洋葱生长和品质的影响

以珍珠岩为植物的生长基质盆栽试验,分别供给0.1、1.75和4 mmol/L三个不同硫水平的Long Ashton营养液,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiform对洋葱（Allium cepa L.）生长和品质的影响。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌显著的改善了宿主植物的磷营养水平,促进了洋葱的生长;而硫处理对洋葱生长的影响差异不显著,但随着供硫水平的提高植株地上部全硫含量和有机硫含量显著增加。接种菌根真菌对洋葱硫营养的影响受外界供硫水平的影响,在供硫0.1 mmol/L时降低了洋葱植株的硫含量;而在供硫1.75和4 mmol/L时显著改善了洋葱的硫营养状况,宿主植物的酶解丙酮酸（enzyme produced pyruvic acid, EPY）的含量也显著增加。说明丛枝菌根真菌能够帮助宿主植物吸收外界环境中硫营养成分,改善洋葱的硫营养状况及品质。     

Field estimates of scalar advection across a canopy edge

Measurements of the horizontal and vertical fluxes of energy and mass were taken at a crop canopy edge and downwind of it to examine the effects of inhomogeneity on surface-atmosphere exchange, for the ideal case of flat uniform terrain. Energy balance closure was also examined and the effects of the often-neglected advection terms on the energy budget were evaluated. The results show that neither vertical nor horizontal advection should be neglected for moderate distances downwind from heterogeneous boundaries, with the energy budget closure near the leading edge improved by more than 20% with the inclusion of the horizontal and vertical advection of latent and sensible heat. Significant mean advective horizontal and vertical flux divergences of water vapor and temperature were found even in typical daytime conditions. In stable conditions horizontal advection can be responsible for more than 15% of the scalar (water vapor) transport 136 canopy heights downwind of a change in water vapor source density and surface roughness.     

红壤丘陵双季稻稻田农田生态系统不同施肥下碳汇效应及收益评估

收集江西一个红壤水稻田长期肥料试验中产量、施肥量、土壤有机碳等资料,结合对农田生产中各项生产资料和管理活动的投入进行调查,对不同施肥处理下系统的生产力、碳投入排放与碳收集效应进行分析,并估算系统的碳汇。评价了不同处理下生产力的碳成本与碳汇效益。结果表明,种植双季稻下化肥配施和化肥有机肥配施下的稻田总碳汇分别为-2．2和-3．2t C·hm^-2·a^-1,但在两季生产中并无显著差异;相应地,有机无机肥配施比纯化肥配方施肥产量提高了30％左右,而碳汇量提高了50％左右。证明有机无机配合施肥是一种可以增产增汇的关键农业生产管理途径。     

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田能量闭合状况分析

对华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田连续3a(2003-11-2006-10)涡度相关观测的能量闭合状况进行综合分析,并探讨下垫面对能量闭合程度的影响.结果表明,能量平衡比率(EBR)日变化规律明显,以昼夜交替时波动最大,下午略高于上午,白天能量闭合状况明显优于夜间.将湍流能的相位提前0.5h,湍流通量和有效能的匹配度及能量闭合程度均得到提高.白天EBR呈秋冬高(分别为0.98和0.94)、春夏低(分别为0.85和0.70)的季节变化特征,EBR的波动幅度依次为:夏＞秋＞冬＞春.下垫面状况对地表能量闭合程度影响显著,裸地阶段、小麦季和玉米季的年均白天EBR分别为1.11、0.94和0.74,小麦季的能量闭合状况优于玉米季;EBR波动幅度依次为:裸地阶段＞玉米季＞小麦季.观测期间,白天EBR年均值范围在0.82 ～0.97,平均0.89,较好地满足了农田通量观测对数据质量的要求.     

EFFICACY OF GYPSUM AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE AS SOURCES OF SULFUR TO RAPESEED IN LATERITIC SOILS

A field experiment conducted on rapeseed (Brassica juncea L.) during 2005–2006 in a typical lateritic soil (Alfisol) of West Bengal, India revealed that sources of sulfur viz. gypsum and magnesium sulfate and levels of sulfur (0, 20, 40, 60 kg S ha^?1) have significant influence on grain yield, total biological yield, sulfur concentration in grain and stover, total sulfur uptake, oil content and oil yield and chlorophyll content. The maximum grain yield (18.28 q ha^?1) and oil yield (8.59 q ha^?1) was obtained with magnesium sulfate followed by gypsum yielded the grain yield of 17.99 q ha^?1 and oil yield of 8.22 q ha^?1 at 40 kg S ha^?1. Overall, the best performance was recorded when sulfur was applied at 40 kg S ha^?1 either as magnesium sulfate or gypsum. Results revealed that magnesium sulfate may be considered as the better source of sulfur than gypsum to raise the mustard crop in sulfur deficient acidic red and lateritic soils of West Bengal and if farmers apply either magnesium sulfate or gypsum to soils, the possible deficiency of sulfur and magnesium/calcium in soils and plants can be avoided.     

Einfluss von grundwasser und trittbelastung auf den prozess der torfmineralisation und die stoffbilanzen: Influence of ground water and footprints on process of peat mineralization and nutrient balances

Pasture with burdening on peat-bog done four times a year has more positive effects on the water balance than twice grassland use. The saving of water that has been determined by lysimeters evokes no positive effects on the N-, P-, K- or Ca-balance. Due to the lower depth of the plant roots under lowland bog used for pasture more nutrients were leached into the ground water. The soil compression leads to anaerobic conditions. Therefore the phosphorus becomes more mobile and migrates into the outlet. The effect on the peat mineralization and the nutrient balances was not as clear as assumes, because other parameters like the combination of the vegetation formation and the age of the plants also had a strong influence on the factor. The younger plants from the pastures have show higher nutrient contents so that the nutrient export is higher and the balance becomes more negative.