玉米种子内部机械裂纹产生与扩展的微观机理

应用Cottrell位错塞积模型分析了玉米种子内部机械裂纹产生机理,采用Griffith能量平衡理论和分形几何理论推导了机械裂纹扩展速度与扩展路径维数计算公式,并对内部机械裂纹扩展速率进行分形分析.结果表明:当玉米种子局部所受应力达到一定时,其内部即产生机械裂纹;根据玉米种子内部机械裂纹扩展运动学公式,内部裂纹扩展宏观速度小于分形扩展速度;由玉米种子内部机械裂纹扩展路径的分形维数公式求出其维数为1.1395;淀粉颗粒尺寸相同时,裂纹沿淀粉颗粒扩展的速率最快.     

铁锰营养平衡与水稻生长发育

通过实地考查、土培试验，对水稻“黄化病”与铁锰平衡的关系、铁锰平衡失调对水稻生长发育的影响及其调控措施进行了探讨．结果表明；水稻“黄化病”是由于土壤中过量的锰及有效铁锰比低，使水稻积累过多的标而降低活性铁含量水平，使水稻受到生理缺铁胁迫和铁锰营养平衡失调，而诱发的生理病害；铁锰平衡失调使水稻生长发育严重受阻、产量极显著降低；施用硅酸盐、石灰或叶面喷施铁后，均有利于改善水稻铁锰营养平衡，促进水稻生长发育．     

Laboratory study of SO2 dry deposition on limestone and marble: Effects of humidity and surface variables

The dry deposition of gaseous air pollutants on stone and other materials is influenced by atmospheric processes and the chemical characteristics of the deposited gas species and of the specific receptor material. Previous studies have shown that relative humidity, surface moisture, and acid buffering capability of the receptor surface are very important factors. To better quantify this behavior, a special recirculating wind tunnel/environmental chamber was constructed, in which wind speed, turbulence, air temperature, relative humidity, and concentrations of several pollutants (SO₂, O₃, nitrogen oxides) can be held constant. An airfoil sample holder holds up to eight stone samples (3.8 cm in diameter and 1 cm thick) in nearly identical exposure conditions. SO₂ deposition on limestone was found to increase exponentially with increasing relative humidity (RH). Marble behaves similarly, but with a much lower deposition rate. Trends indicate there is little deposition below 20% RH on clean limestone and below 60% RH on clean marble. This large difference is due to the limestone's greater porosity, surface roughness, and effective surface area. These results indicate surface variables generally limit SO₂ deposition below about 70% RH on limestone and below at least 95% RH on marble. Aerodynamic variables generally limit deposition at higher relative humidity or when the surface is wet.     

Evolution of dinitrogen and nitrous oxide from the soil to the atmosphere through rice plants

Summary It is commonly assumed that a large fraction of fertilizer N applied to a rice (Oryza sativa L.) field is lost from the soil-water-plant system as a result of denitrification. Direct evidence to support this view, however, is limited. The few direct field, denitrification gas measurements that have been made indicate less N loss than that determined by ¹⁵N balance after the growing season. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the N₂ produced during denitrification in a flooded soil remains trapped in the soil system and does not evolve to the atmosphere until the soil dries or is otherwise disturbed. It seems likely, however, that N₂ produced in the soil uses the rice plants as a conduit to the atmosphere, as does methane. Methane evolution from a rice field has been demonstrated to occur almost exclusively through the rice plants themselves. A field study in Cuttack, India, and a greenhouse study in Fort Collins, Colorado, were conducted to determine the influence of rice plants on the transport of N₂ and N₂O from the soil to the atmosphere. In these studies, plots were fertilized with 75 or 99 atom % ¹⁵N-urea and ¹⁵N techniques were used to monitor the daily evolution of N₂ and N₂O. At weekly intervals the amount of N₂+N₂O trapped in the flooded soil and the total-N and fertilized-N content of the soil and plants were measured in the greenhouse plots. Direct measurement of N₂+N₂O emission from field and greenhouse plots indicated that the young rice plant facilitates the efflux of N₂ and N₂O from the soil to the atmosphere. Little N gas was trapped in the rice-planted soils while large quantities were trapped in the unplanted soils. N losses due to denitrification accounted for only up to 10% of the loss of added N in planted soils in the field or greenhouse. The major losses of fertilizer N from both the field and greenhouse soils appear to have been the result of NH₃ volatilization.     

长江中下游地区温室内温湿度预测模型的研究

该文利用传热学理论,以温室热平衡模型为基础,分析了温室内温度和湿度的动态模型,并以此建立了室内温湿度预测模型.最后,作者通过SR5.2型连栋塑料温室的实验研究,求出该模型参数,为实现智能温室前馈控制奠定基础.     

控制淋洗条件下土壤-花椰菜体系无机氮动态及平衡

在北京郊区中壤质潮土上设置田间试验。结果表明:花椰菜获最大产量的氮供应量为300kghm-2。生育期花椰菜主要吸收表层(0～30cm)土壤中的无机氮,对下层(30～60cm)土壤无机氮(Nmin)的利用随氮供应量的增加而减少。不同生育期0～60cm土层中无机氮(Nmin)含量均随氮供应量增加而增加,但施肥后土壤中最高无机氮(Nmin)含量出现的时间随氮供应量增加而延迟。花椰菜生育期土壤有机氮矿化速率随生长期延长而增加,平均达N1.3kghm-2d-1,相当于各处理总吸氮量的47.5%～89.2%。试验后0～30cm及30～60cm土层无机氮(Nmin)含量随氮供应量增加而明显增加,但60～90cm土层无机氮(Nmin)受氮供应的影响不明显。花椰菜当季氮肥利用率及氮素利用率随施氮量增加而降低,最佳产量时的氮肥利用率及氮素利用率分别为36.5%和50.8%。土壤-花椰菜体系氮素表观损失量随氮施用水平的增加而明显增加,但其占总氮供应(肥料氮+播前土壤氮)的比例受氮供应的影响不明显,大致为20%。     

Predictions of soil water and crop growth dynamics using the agroecosystem models THESEUS and OPUS

The agroecosystem models THESEUS and OPUS were tested with data obtained from three agricultural experimental field plots on sandy soils without groundwater located at the moraine landscape in East Brandenburg, Germany. At each of these plots, a separate agricultural management practice was applied. Measurements of soil water contents, pressure heads, above‐ground crop biomass, and crop yield from these three plots were compared with the corresponding simulation results of both models. The comparisons of simulated with measured outputs were analyzed using the modeling‐efficiency index IA. According to these analyses, both models simulated adequately the time courses of volumetric soil water contents and above‐ground crop biomass, but the time courses of pressure heads were predicted with a lower quality by both models. As for the pressure heads, the yields simulated with both models showed greater discrepancies in comparison with the observed ones. This indicates the need of a site‐specific parameter calibration of the crop‐growth modules, especially for that included in OPUS .     

唐山市沙流河镇水资源供需平衡优化分析

运用系统论和线性目标规划法,结合唐山市沙流河镇实证研究,构建小城镇水资源供需平衡优化数学模型,剖析该镇水资源供需矛盾,提出水资源供需平衡优化方案。结果显示,沙流河镇水资源补给总量为1490.55万m³·a^-1,若对水资源利用量不加约束,2001、2005和2010年沙流河镇用水总量分别达到2352.73万m³、2429.73万m³和2491.72万m³;水资源超采量分别达到862.18万m³、939.18万m³和1001.17万m³;其中农业用水量最大,占90%以上。鉴于农业用水比重大、利用效率低,提出沙流河镇实施、推广节水灌溉技术和积极退耕还林等节水措施。经过逐年逼近平衡的办法,到2010年沙流河镇水资源量可以节余63.32万m³,基本实现全镇水资源供需平衡。     

青藏高原农田生态系统碳平衡

为探讨青藏高原农田生态系统碳平衡规律及其影响因子 ,并揭示其对全球含碳温室气体源、汇变化的贡献与响应 ,1 998～ 1 999连续 2年在拉萨农业生态站农田用静态箱法和生物量取样法开展土壤—植被界面CO2 吸收与排放的试验研究。农作物生长季 ,以冬小麦为例 ,生长前期 (从播种到拔节 )土壤碳排放量高于植被碳固定 ,生长后期 (灌浆到成熟 )则是植被碳固定高于土壤碳排放量 ,从全年来看 ,土壤碳排放量略高于植被碳固定     

紫色丘陵区县级农田养分平衡与土壤养分变化趋势研究—以四川省犍为县为例

根据有关统计资料、实地调查和土壤分析数据,采用典型抽样法,以犍为县为例,研究了近14年(1985～1999年)来该县农田养分平衡与土壤养分变化的趋势。结果表明:20世纪90年代以后,农田氮素由持平转向盈余;磷素全面扭亏为盈,盈余率已超出50%;钾素一直处于大比例亏缺状态。通过1981年和2000年的土壤主要养分含量对比研究,获得了近20年来土壤养分动态变化的基本趋势,以及农田养分平衡状况对土壤养分变化的影响,并针对农田养分平衡与土壤养分变化的趋势,提出了四川紫色丘陵区县级农田养分平衡与土壤养分变化的相应调控对策和措施。