New aphid species for italy caught by suction trap

Six aphid species new for Italy were caught by suction trap in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, Italy. They are:Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon (Nevsky),Illinoia morrisoni (Swain),Myzodium modestum (Hottes),Pseudacaudella rubida (Börner),Schizaphis longicaudata Hille Ris Lambers andTrichosiphonaphis (Xenomyzus)polygonifoliae (Shinji). All species are provided here with characteristic morphological information and line drawings.     

保水剂用量对土壤水分的影响

为确定保水剂的合理用量,于2008年5月在陕西米脂县进行保水剂不同用量玉米盆栽试验研究.盆栽试验设置了保水剂不同用量(0、30、40、50、60 g)五个处理及保水剂与风干黄绵土配比用量(0、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%、0.20%、0.30%)6个处理,分别研究了保水剂不同用量与土壤水势、土壤含水量的关系及对土壤持水时间的影响.试验结果表明,土壤含水量高(>18%)时各处理土壤水吸力十分接近,在土壤吸水力相同时,随着保水剂用量的提高其土壤含水量也随着提高;保水剂用量越大的处理玉米存活的时间也越长,0.20%和0.30%处理玉米存活时间较对照长3 d;综合分析表明本试验中保水剂与黄绵土配比0.20%和0.3%应用效果较好.     

Measurement of redox potential inside a suction probe

Ceramic suction probes were combined with internal redox electrodes in order to reduce the deviation between site parallels, and to relate redox potential measurements directly to the solution analyzed chemically. In a laboratory experiment soil material was water‐saturated for 49 days and temporal changes of redox potential and pH outside and inside the ceramic suction probes were recorded. Furthermore, iron concentrations inside the ceramic cups were detected. Results indicate that a device combining ceramic suction probes and redox electrodes is in principal possible. However, the device used here could not reduce the deviation between site replications compared to free installed redox electrodes. Increasing iron concentrations due to decreasing redox potentials outside and inside the ceramic suction probes indicate that the soil water iron dynamic is at least partly measurable using this device.<?show $6#>     

The efficiency of a vacuum device for estimating soil-surface seed abundance on lowland farms

Accurate sampling methods for estimating soil-surface seed abundance in agro-ecosystems are vital for understanding arable plant population dynamics, as well as quantifying seed availability as a food resource for farmland birds, mammals and arthropods. We tested the sampling efficiency of a portable, petroleum spirit powered leaf blower-vacuum in recovering four different seed size classes on the soil-surface of seven lowland farm habitats. Vacuum sampler efficiency was dependent on seed size, habitat type and exposure of seeds to environmental conditions. Larger seeds were more readily recovered and overall seed recovery was consistently higher on habitats with low vegetation cover, such as newly-sown cereal fields. We discuss the limitations of the device, but commend its use with correction factors to estimate soil-surface seed abundance in agricultural habitats. This study highlights the potential biases when estimating soil-surface seed abundance, the importance of correcting such biases and the need for better sampling techniques for weed science.     

黄白土的持水特性及施用有机物料的效应研究

用张力计法测量了黄白土的持水特性及施用有机物料对其保水和供水性能的影响。结果表明 :(1 )在张力计测定范围内 ,黄白土土壤水吸力与含水量之间表现出显著的线性相关。(2 )施用有机物料 ,可以提高土壤的保水性能。其中施用牛粪的效果要优于麦秸。施用有机物料 ,还可以提高土壤速效水的上限 ,降低速效水的下限 ,提高速效水的含量 ,增强土壤水的有效性     

贡嘎山东坡林地土壤低吸力段持水特性及其影响因素分析

以贡嘎山东坡几种森林类型为例,采集林地原状土以减压法测定土壤低吸力段持水曲线,进行幂函数模拟和计算分形维数。结果表明:该地区针叶混交过熟林、冷杉成熟林林地的土壤在低吸力段,各吸力值含水量高,其持水性能有利于森林水文功能的发挥和林木的生长;而次生林,尤其是次生针叶纯林林地的土壤持水性能差。幂函数对研究区土壤低吸力段的持水曲线模拟较好,新指标—分形维数的计算结果充分反映了土壤低吸力段持水性与土壤的结构、质地、有机质含量等因素的关系,为森林水文生态研究提供了新的方法。     

Unexpected experimental results for capillary suction in wood: Analysis on the fibre level

Abstract

A series of simple experiments on capillary water uptake in rectangular sticks of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) gave some unexpected results. Sticks of sapwood and heartwood with lengths of 100, 200 and 300 mm, with the four long sides sealed, were used in the experiments. The samples were allowed to suck water, one group for 1000 h and one group for 1900 h. After exposure, as anticipated, the heartwood samples had a moisture content (MC) distribution with high values at the bottom and steeply decreasing values towards the top. The sapwood samples, in contrast, had moisture distributions with high MC at the bottom and the top, and low MC in the middle. Additional experiments to study flow paths and timescales of the process were performed using dyed water. A Fickian approach is discussed in some detail. It is clear that the process represented by the experimental results cannot be explained within a Fickian framework. The analysis has to be done on the fibre level, where an explanation is proposed. The influence from bordered pits is of significant importance and their resistance dominates the timescales. A key factor in the proposed explanation is the high lateral capillary conductivity within the saw-damaged top surface. However, some questions remain unanswered.     

Application of multivariate statistics in model experimental analysis of air cushion towing of 4-suction anchor platform

This paper coducts model tests on a 1∶20 scaled model of four-suction anchor platform. The acceleration, the internal air pressure, the bottom water pressure of the suction anchors and towing force of the suction anchor platform are determined in series of towing combinations with different wave direction, wave velocity, wave period, towing velocity, towing points, towline length and tilt angle. Cluster analyses are used to classify the combinations of towing and factor analyses one used to analyze the mechanical characters. The correlative matrix is obtained which can reflect the correlation of mechanical characters. The factor analysis results show that 85% the total variance is attributed to the former six factors, and the factor scores of the towing combinations was obtained to find the most disadvantageous combinations and the mechanical characters which can lead to the disadvantageous results. The analysis results can be used for consulting the practical application.     

封闭式水泵吸水池内部流动的PIV量测

水泵吸水池内部的流动状态非常复杂，特别是在吸入管的周围，分布十分复杂的漩涡，这些漩涡的存在对整个系统的流动状态会产生众多的影响，有可能使泵站的性能恶化。为了研究吸水池内的流动状态，用PIV量测技术对吸入管附近的流场进行量测，并对测量结果进行分析，进而得到测量面上的湍流特征。     

气吸式小白菜播种机开沟器设计与试验

目前,我国小白菜多采用人工撒播的播种方式,不仅机械化水平低,而且劳动力成本高。针对这一问题,设计一款气吸式小白菜播种机,并对开沟器进行研究。通过计算,确定开沟器的关键参数,入土角为123°、滑刀刃口角为35°、滑刀的刀刃曲线函数y=0.002x²+0.7x。为提升开沟器的开沟性能,设计Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两款开沟器,采用EDEM软件模拟两款开沟器在土槽中的开沟状况,对比后最终确定Ⅰ型开沟器的开沟性能较优。通过ANSYS有限元分析软件对Ⅰ型开沟器进行静力学分析,验证开沟器的设计符合材料的强度要求。最后,对整机进行田间试验测试,测出整机播种量为4.08 kg/hm²;各行播量一致性的标准差为0.12 g,变异系数为3.1%;总播量稳定性的标准差为0.97 g,变异系数为2.8%。试验结果表明该播种机播种均匀性良好,能为小白菜等播种机械的设计提供理论参考以及提高青菜种植业的生产效率。